Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Australia

Sterren, Marlène van der; Rahman, Arafat; Dennis, Gary R.

doi:10.5772/35382

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…These countries include Australia (van der Sterren et al 2012), Brazil (Ghisi et al 2009), Canada (Despins et al 2009), China (Li and Gong 2002), France (Vialle et al 2012), Greece (Sazakli et al 2007;Gikas and Tsihrintzis 2012), India (Dinesh et al 2006), Indonesia (Song et al 2009), Iran (Fooladman and Sepaskhah 2004), Jordan (Abdulla and Al-Shareef 2009), Malaysia (Lariyah et al 2011), Namibia (Sturm et al 2009), Palestine (Al-Salaymeh et al 2011), Singapore (Appan 1999), South Africa (Kahinda et al 2007), South Korea (Song et al 2003), Spain (Domènech and Saurí 2011), Sweden (Villareal and Dixon 2005), Taiwan (Chiu et al 2009), the United Kingdom (Fewkes 1999a), the United States (Jones and Hunt 2010) and Zambia (Handia et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Sizing of Rainwater Harvesting Tanks for Domestic Use in Greece

Londra

Theocharis

Baltas

et al. 2015

Water Resour Manage

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Rainwater harvesting gains more and more ground as a modern, relatively inexpensive and simple water-saving technology, and as a sustainable water management practice, which saves water, and reduces stormwater runoff and peaks and non-point source pollution. In this paper, in order to determine the optimal size of rainwater harvesting tanks, two methods, the daily water balance method and the dry period demand method, are used in 75 regions of Greece to meet 30, 40 and 50 % of total water demands of households of 3 to 5 residents. The daily water balance method was developed based on a heuristic algorithm which uses the daily rainfall data, the rainfall collection area, the runoff coefficient, the available storage volume and the water demands, allowing excess water to overflow and setting public water supply to zero. The dry period demand method is based on meeting demand for the longest annual average dry period. According to the daily water balance method, in the majority of the 75 Water Resour Manage Greece regions studied, tank sizes up to 50 m 3 can meet a 240 L/day demand (40 % of total daily demand of 4 residents) with roof area not exceeding 300 m 2 . More than 50 m 3 tank size is needed to meet demands of 300 L/day (40 % of 5 or 50 % of 4 residents) or 375 L/day (50 % of 5 residents). Results demonstrate that the tank size is strongly affected by the dry period length; small dry periods lead to small tanks, with the exception of low rainfall-high demand (300-375 L/day) case, where low rainfall increases sizes, having the dominant role. Comparison among the dry period demand and the daily water balance methods showed that in all cases, the dry period demand method calculates smaller tanks, with the exception of areas with medium-high rainfall and high dry period or low-medium demand (135-225 L/day) and high roof areas (more than 300 m 2 ). Therefore, the main conclusion is that the rainwater harvesting tank capacity is strongly affected by various local variables and cannot be formulated. However, the method presented here can be programmed in a spreadsheet with no much effort, making harvesting tank computations easy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Sizing of Rainwater Harvesting Tanks for Domestic Use in Greece

Londra

Theocharis

Baltas

et al. 2015

Water Resour Manage

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“…Likewise, it is recommended to increase pervious areas through porous pavements particularly in new residential/commercial areas around the city (Hu et al, 2018) as well as through plant beds in parking lots and medians in existing roads throughout the city (Bedient et al, 2013). In contrast, the primary measures to combat long-term droughts include rainwater harvesting in residential and comercial areas for reuse through on site tanks, which collect rainwater/snowmelt from roofs (Van der Sterren et al, 2012) and snow dumping in the storm channels in the north and southwest of the city (Figure 3 and Figure 5) and then recycling the meltwater for agricultural and domestic purposes (Exall, 2004).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flood-Drought Hazard Assessment for a Flat Clayey Deposit in the Canadian Prairies

Akhter¹,

Azam²

2019

J ENVIRON INFORM LET

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Dry climate, clayey soil, and flat topography govern water balance in the southern part of the Canadian Praries. This paper aims at assessing flood-drought hazard using Regina as a typical urban centre in the region. The main achievements are the inclusion of long-term historical analyses of recent meteorological data, physiographic features (such as topography, land use, soil type) of watersheds, various types of drought (agricultural, metrological, and hydrological), and management strategies for surface water. Results indicate that extreme weather patterns are frequent and meteorological parameters have significantly changed from 1970 to 2015: precipitation (+50 mm), air temperature (+0.9 o C), relative humidity (+6%), wind speed (-1.35 km/hr), and solar radiation (+0.9 MJ/m 2). In the dry climate (Dfb), 77% of the total annual precipitation (386 mm/year) occurs from April to September. The runoff coefficient of 0.6 relates to 63% impervious areas (commercial, industrial and residential) and 35% near-impervious areas (open spaces with low hydraulic conductivity). The flat topography (570 m through 600 m asl over 124 km 2) along with a low channel slope of up to 0.4% results in water ponding during short-term and high-intensity rainfalls. Water is managed through the Wascana Creek that holds 98% of the total water volume (84 × 10 6 m 3) in the city. From April to September, volume fluctuations depend on antecedent water levels and meteorological conditions. The city has recently received several events of flash floods (2010 and 2014) and long-term droughts (1984 and 2017). The negative average change in storage indicates drought-like conditions during spring-summer.

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