Raman chemical imaging for spectroscopic screening and direct quantification of falsified drugs

Detection of falsified clopidogrel in the presence of excipients using voltammetry

“…Rapid and simple approaches which can also be used in remote locations such as colorimetry and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) [19][20][21] are usually less sensitive but require less expertise. Spectroscopic methods such as near-infrared, mid-4 infrared (MIR), Raman and benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance [22][23][24][25] have shown great potential but provide more insight into the selectivity than the accurate analysis of concentration and thus more likely suitable for falsified medicines than substandard medicines. Current non-analytical measurements are in use all around the world to identify counterfeit medication, most such methods are based upon using track and trace or tamper resistant packing 26 .…”

Track-and-trace: Novel anti-counterfeit measures for 3D printed personalized drug products using smart material inks

“…Raman spectroscopy is commonly used as a material identification method in pharmaceuticals due to the generation of spectra with characteristic peaks that can be attributed to functional groups within the drug or excipient molecular structure. Furthermore, the method is inherently non-destructive, rapid and user friendly, which would likely be suitable for use on printlets in the pharmaceutical supply chain (Chen et al, 2017;Edinger et al, 2017;Rebiere et al, 2018;Trenfield et al, 2018b). As such, the use of Raman spectroscopy was evaluated for the identification of material inks on the surface of the printlets.…”

Discrimination of Falsified Erectile Dysfunction Medicines by Use of an Ultra-Compact Raman Scattering Spectrometer

“…Spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique and requires no special training or pretreatment [17,19]. Spectroscopic analysis, including near-infrared and Raman spectroscopy, has been applied in various fields, such as food [20][21][22][23], plants [24], art [25], treatment [26,27], and medical products [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. Raman scattering analysis is included in the United States Pharmacopoeia and the European Pharmacopoeia, and many major pharmaceutical companies worldwide use Raman spectroscopy to identify source materials [18].…”