We report solvent-dependent excited state properties
of three difuranone
derivatives with a quinoidal backbone by steady-state and lifetime
fluorescence measurements and theoretical calculations. Remarkable
bathochromic shifts in fluorescence with diminished intensity indicate
the occurrence of strong intramolecular charge-transfer transitions
in high polar solvents. Cyclic voltammetric redox potentials reveal
an interesting variation of biradical characters of the compounds
with increasing solvent polarity. Solvent polarity also significantly
modulates the energy levels of the charge-transfer (CT) states, as
observed from the combined analyses of redox potentials and photophysical
data via the Rehm–Weller equation. When high polar solvents
favor forward CT by a more exoergic driving force and stabilize the
charge-separated states, the reverse CT process diminishes. Estimated
free energies of activation for CT suggest that high polar solvents
lessen the activation barrier. Calculated excited state energies of
the compounds at the CAM-B3LYP/6-31+G* level fulfill the primary conditions
required for singlet fission, a process that can substantially increase
the efficiency of solar cells, and the crystal packing for compound 1 also reveals a favorable geometry for singlet fission.