Raman spectroscopy biochemical characterisation of bladder cancer cisplatin resistance regulated by FDFT1: a review

Abstract

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in males. It can present across the whole continuum of severity, from mild through well-differentiated disease to extremely malignant tumours with poor survival rates. As with other vital organ malignancies, proper clinical management involves accurate diagnosis and staging. Chemotherapy consisting of a cisplatin-based regimen is the mainstay in the management of muscle-invasive bladder cancers. Control via cisplatin-based chemotherapy is threatened by the development of chemoresistance. Intracellular cholesterol biosynthesis in bladder cancer cells is considered a contributory factor in determining the chemotherapy response. Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1), one of the main regulatory components in cholesterol biosynthesis, may play a role in determining sensitivity towards chemotherapy compounds in bladder cancer. FDFT1-associated molecular identification might serve as an alternative or appendage strategy for early prediction of potentially chemoresistant muscle-invasive bladder cancer tissues. This can be accomplished using Raman spectroscopy. Developments in the instrumentation have led to it becoming one of the most convenient forms of analysis, and there is a highly realistic chance that it will become an effective tool in the pathology lab. Chemosensitive bladder cancer tissues tend to have a higher lipid content, more protein genes and more cholesterol metabolites. These are believed to be associated with resistance towards bladder cancer chemotherapy. Herein, Raman peak assignments have been tabulated as an aid to indicating metabolic changes in bladder cancer tissues that are potentially correlated with FDFT1 expression.

The Emerging Role of Raman Spectroscopy as an Omics Approach for Metabolic Profiling and Biomarker Detection toward Precision Medicine

“…Kanmalar et al conducted a review on bladder cancer comparing previous work that applied RS on tissue, blood, serum, and urine. 147 The study focused on the classification of chemosensitivity status based on Raman features associated with cholesterol metabolism. They identified farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1) expression and its effect on cholesterol biosynthesis as a potential driver of cholesterol-linked chemoresistance.…”

Blood-based liquid biopsy: insights into early detection, prediction, and treatment monitoring of bladder cancer

“…This limitation has resulted in the unnecessary exposure of successfully cured patients to the toxicity of adjuvant therapy, whereas others with residual disease may not receive potentially beneficial treatment until disease progression can be detected by imaging. A comprehensive understanding of the subgroup of patients predicted to become resistant to cisplatin is essential for patient treatment modalities [ 18 ]. The advent of immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has revolutionized the landscape of BC systemic therapy over the past 5 years.…”

Toward a SERS Diagnostic Tool for Discrimination between Cancerous and Normal Bladder Tissues via Analysis of the Extracellular Fluid

“…Sensitive and precise detection of chemical changes in biomolecules due to development of cancers is possible using vibrational spectroscopy methods, namely infrared (IR) absorption, 9 Raman spectroscopy, 10 − 12 and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. 13 − 16 It has been previously shown that both of these methods can be used to discriminate between the cancerous and normal tissues or cells of various cancers, like brain, 17 − 20 breast, 21 − 24 or others.…”

“…Sensitive and precise detection of chemical changes in biomolecules due to development of cancers is possible using vibrational spectroscopy methods, namely infrared (IR) absorption, Raman spectroscopy, − and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. − It has been previously shown that both of these methods can be used to discriminate between the cancerous and normal tissues or cells of various cancers, like brain, − breast, − or others. − Similarly, we have showed that SERS and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) methods can be used to detect kidney cancer through the analysis of the extracellular fluid. , Nowadays, a lot of research has been focused to nondirect cancer detection through “liquid biopsies” since this method can be potentially noninvasive. − A number of vibrational spectroscopy studies have been performed regarding bladder cancer as well. − It has been shown that FTIR spectroscopy can be used not only to distinguish cancerous and normal bladder tissues , but also to detect bladder cancer from bladder washings . Raman spectroscopy possesses several advantages comparing with other spectroscopy methods, such as (i) negligible interference from water, (ii) rich vibrational information on bonding and interactions of molecular groups, (iii) narrow vibrational bands, and (iv) resonance and surface enhancement possibilities.…”