In bismuth ferrite (BiFeO 3 ), antiferromagnetic and ferroelectric order coexist at room temperature, making it of particular interest for studying magnetoelectric coupling. The mutual control of magnetic and electric properties is very useful for a wide variety of applications. This has led to an enormous amount of research into the properties of BiFeO 3 . Nonetheless, one of the most fundamental aspects of this material, namely the symmetries of the lattice vibrations, remains controversial. We present a comprehensive Raman study of BiFeO 3 single crystals with the approach of monitoring the Raman spectra while rotating the polarization direction of the excitation laser. Our method results in unambiguous assignment of the phonon symmetries and explains the origin of the controversy in the literature. Furthermore, it provides access to the Raman tensor elements enabling direct comparison with theoretical calculations. Hence, this allows the study of symmetry breaking and coupling mechanisms in a wide range of complex materials and may lead to a noninvasive, all-optical method to determine the orientation and magnitude of the ferroelectric polarization. Multiferroic BiFeO 3 (BFO) is one of the few materials that simultaneously exhibits a robust magnetic ordering and large spontaneous ferroelectric polarization at room temperature, 1 making it of particular interest for studying magnetoelectric coupling.2-4 The mutual control of magnetic and electric properties is of great interest for applications in spintronics and magnetic storage media.5 This has triggered significant interest in BFO, resulting in numerous studies including optical 6,7 and Raman spectroscopy, 8-10 theoretical calculations, 11,12 thin-film devices, 1,13 and electrical control of magnetic excitations.14-18 Among these various techniques, the Raman spectrum of BFO is one of the most widely studied as it is a powerful tool to investigate phonons, magnons, and their interaction (i.e., electromagnons). [16][17][18][19] Moreover, proper phonon mode assignment is necessary to describe the phonons critical for the multiferroic behavior. However, even for measurements taken along the high-symmetry directions of single crystals, controversy in the symmetry assignments of the phonon modes remains. The discrepancies have previously been ascribed to violation of Raman selection rules due to variations in strain fields 9 (i.e., multidomain states) caused by polishing of the crystal surface. Once the symmetries are unambiguously assigned, deviations in phonon mode behaviors could be used to detect the presence of symmetry breaking, multidomain states, and phonon-magnon interactions. Furthermore, simply determining the mode symmetry only allows for a qualitative comparison with theoretical calculations, whereas a quantitative comparison is enabled by measuring the Raman tensor elements.To this end we have performed a comprehensive set of polarized micro-Raman spectroscopic studies of BFO single crystals with uniform ferroelectric polarization. Careful examina...