Random Positions of Dendritic Spines in Human Cerebral Cortex

Morales, Juan; Benavides-Piccione, Ruth; Dar, Mor; Fernaud, Isabel; Rodríguez, Antonio; Anton-Sanchez, Laura; Bielza, Concha; Larrañaga, Pedro; DeFelipe, Javier; Yuste, Rafael

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1085-14.2014

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…A complete spatial randomness (CSR) analysis was applied to test the spatial distributions of data points in different decades ( Figure S1). Under the null hypothesis of CSR (Baddeley, 2007;Morales et al, 2014), the theoretical value (G CSR ) was calculated as…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A complete spatial randomness (CSR) analysis was applied to test the spatial distributions of data points in different decades (Figure S1). Under the null hypothesis of CSR (Baddeley, ; Morales et al, ), the theoretical value ( G CSR ) was calculated as

G_{CSR} ((), r) = 1 - exp ((), - normalλ italicπ r^{2}),

where r is the distance of each data point to its nearest neighbor, and λ is the number of data points per unit area. We estimated the observational G ob ( r ) based on the cumulative frequency distribution of r .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Decadal Stabilization of Soil Inorganic Nitrogen as a Benchmark for Global Land Models

Wei

Cui

Huang

et al. 2019

J Adv Model Earth Syst

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Global land models are now routinely incorporating the nitrogen (N) cycle into simulations, but the identification of its benchmarks has lagged behind. An important variable in these models is the soil inorganic N (SIN) which is the resultant of different input and output N processes. However, whether and how the SIN pool and its spatiotemporal variation can be used as benchmarks for models remains unclear. Here we first constructed a database of measured SIN at 756 sites from 1980 to 2010 across China, one of the regions that has been experiencing the highest external N input. Although there was great spatial variability of the measured SIN pool, no significant changes were detected across China during 1980–2010 based on a bootstrapping approach. The medians of the measured SIN across China were 63, 70, and 65 mg/kg during the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, respectively. Then, we used the regional SIN database to evaluate two versions of the Community Land Model (i.e., CLM4.5 and CLM5.0). In comparison with the observation (median 75 mg/kg) at grid‐cell scale, both CLM4.5 (median 0.70 mg/kg) and CLM5.0 (median 0.79 mg/kg) underestimated the SIN pools across China. Although the drivers of such modeling biases are difficult to identify at the current stage, improved representations of both input and output processes of the SIN pool in the models are highly recommended. These findings suggest that a decadal stabilization of the SIN pool in terrestrial ecosystems and the spatial distribution of the SIN pool may be a useful benchmark for global biogeochemical models.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A complete spatial randomness (CSR) analysis was applied to test the spatial distributions of data points in different decades (Figure S1). Under the null hypothesis of CSR (Baddeley, ; Morales et al, ), the theoretical value ( G CSR ) was calculated as

G_{CSR} ((), r) = 1 - exp ((), - normalλ italicπ r^{2}),

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decadal Stabilization of Soil Inorganic Nitrogen as a Benchmark for Global Land Models

Wei

Cui

Huang

et al. 2019

J Adv Model Earth Syst

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Further experiments with other datasets, like the one presented in this paper, will allow neuroscientists to easily and quickly explore new hypotheses about 3D neuron morphology. In turn, this will provide support in deciding whether additional statistical analysis will be required for demonstrating or refuting specific hypothesis (Morales et al 2012). Furthermore, this tool will help improving productivity by incorporating new interactive aids in Neuroscience; for example, the use of this tool has been fundamental for guiding the statistical analysis performed in Morales et al (2012).…”

Section: Discussion and Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Spiny Dendrites Using Straightening and Unrolling Transforms

et al. 2012

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Current understanding of the synaptic organization of the brain depends to a large extent on knowledge about the synaptic inputs to the neurons. Indeed, the dendritic surfaces of pyramidal cells (the most common neuron in the cerebral cortex) are covered by thin protrusions named dendritic spines. These represent the targets of most excitatory synapses in the cerebral cortex and therefore, dendritic spines prove critical in learning, memory and cognition. This paper presents a new method that facilitates the analysis of the 3D structure of spine insertions in dendrites, providing insight on spine distribution patterns. This method is based both on the implementation of straightening and unrolling transformations to move the analysis process to a planar, unfolded arrangement, and on the design of DISPINE, an interactive environment that supports the visual analysis of 3D patterns.

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“…After its removal, tissue sample can be either immediately immersion-fixed or even prepared for acute brain slice preparations. Meanwhile several studies have studied structural (for example:Alonso-Nanclares et al 2008;Blazquez- Llorca et al 2013;Morales et al 2014;Liu and Schumann 2014, Yakoubi et al 2019a, b) and functional aspects (for example:Holderith et al 2016;Molnar et al 2016;Seeman et al 2018) of synaptic transmission and plasticity in…”

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confidence: 99%

Synapses: Multitasking Global Players in the Brain

Lübke¹,

Rollenhagen²

2019

Neuroforum

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AbstractSynapses are key elements in the communication between neurons in any given network of the normal adult, developmental and pathologically altered brain. Synapses are composed of nearly the same structural subelements: a presynaptic terminal containing mitochondria with an ultrastructurally visible density at the pre- and postsynaptic apposition zone. The presynaptic density is composed of a cocktail of various synaptic proteins involved in the binding, priming and docking of synaptic vesicles inducing synaptic transmission. Individual presynaptic terminals (synaptic boutons) contain a couple of hundred up to thousands of synaptic vesicles. The pre- and postsynaptic densities are separated by a synaptic cleft. The postsynaptic density, also containing various synaptic proteins and more importantly various neurotransmitter receptors and their subunits specifically composed and arranged at individual synaptic complexes, reside at the target structures of the presynaptic boutons that could be somata, dendrites, spines or initial segments of axons.Beside the importance of the network in which synapses are integrated, their individual structural composition critically determines the dynamic properties within a given connection or the computations of the entire network, in particular, the number, size and shape of the active zone, the structural equivalent to a functional neurotransmitter release site, together with the size and organization of the three functionally defined pools of synaptic vesicles, namely the readily releasable, the recycling and the resting pool, are important structural subelements governing the ‘behavior’ of synaptic complexes within a given network such as the cortical column.In the late last century, neuroscientists started to generate quantitative 3D-models of synaptic boutons and their target structures that is one possible way to correlate structure with function, thus allowing reliable predictions about their function. The re-introduction of electron microscopy (EM) as an important tool achieved by modern high-end, high-resolution transmission-EM, focused ion beam scanning-EM, CRYO-EM and EM-tomography have enormously improved our knowledge about the synaptic organization of the brain not only in various animal species, but also allowed new insights in the ‘microcosms’ of the human brain in health and disease.

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Random Positions of Dendritic Spines in Human Cerebral Cortex

Cited by 16 publications

References 23 publications

Decadal Stabilization of Soil Inorganic Nitrogen as a Benchmark for Global Land Models

Decadal Stabilization of Soil Inorganic Nitrogen as a Benchmark for Global Land Models

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Spiny Dendrites Using Straightening and Unrolling Transforms

Synapses: Multitasking Global Players in the Brain

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