Random X inactivation in the mule and horse placenta

Wang, Xiaozhu; Miller, Donald C.; Clark, Andrew G.; Antczak, Douglas F.

doi:10.1101/gr.138487.112

Cited by 43 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In humans, the two X chromosomes remain active in trophectoderm and ICM cells even if there is XIST RNA coating, which suggests a late onset of XCI 48 . Lack of imprinted XCI is supported by studies in rabbit parthenogenotes, and in human and horse placenta 34,50 . By contrast, early X silencing seems to be essential in mice to quickly ensure correct dosage given fast embryonic development 51 .…”

Section: Variable XCI Initiation and Mosaic X Expressionmentioning

confidence: 92%

X chromosome regulation: diverse patterns in development, tissues and disease

et al. 2014

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Genes on the mammalian X chromosome are present in one copy in males and two copies in females. The complex mechanisms that regulate the X chromosome lead to evolutionary and physiological variability in gene expression between species, the sexes, individuals, developmental stages, tissues and cell types. In early development, delayed and incomplete X chromosome inactivation (XCI) in some species causes variability in gene expression. Additional diversity stems from escape from XCI and from mosaicism or XCI skewing in females. This causes sex-specific differences that manifest as differential gene expression and associated phenotypes. Furthermore, the complexity and diversity of X dosage regulation affect the severity of diseases caused by X-linked mutations.

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Section: Variable XCI Initiation and Mosaic X Expressionmentioning

confidence: 92%

X chromosome regulation: diverse patterns in development, tissues and disease

et al. 2014

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“…Conflicting data exist on whether there is selective paternal X inactivation in the placenta of humans (120 -125). This event is random though in mules and horses (126). Differential placental gene expression between the sexes may be due to X-inactivation escape of select transcripts from the maternal or paternal X chromosome.…”

Section: Sex Chromosomes and Sexually Dimorphic Effects In The Placentamentioning

confidence: 95%

Sex-Specific Placental Responses in Fetal Development

2015

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The placenta is an ephemeral but critical organ for the survival of all eutherian mammals and marsupials. It is the primary messenger system between the mother and fetus, where communicational signals, nutrients, waste, gases, and extrinsic factors are exchanged. Although the placenta may buffer the fetus from various environmental insults, placental dysfunction might also contribute to detrimental developmental origins of adult health and disease effects. The placenta of one sex over the other might possess greater ability to respond and buffer against environmental insults. Given the potential role of the placenta in effecting the lifetime health of the offspring, it is not surprising that there has been a resurging interest in this organ, including the Human Placental Project launched by the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development. In this review, we will compare embryological development of the laboratory mouse and human chorioallantoic placentae. Next, evidence that various species, including humans, exhibit normal sex-dependent structural and functional placental differences will be examined followed by how in utero environmental changes (nutritional state, stress, and exposure to environmental chemicals) might interact with fetal sex to affect this organ. Recent data also suggest that paternal state impacts placental function in a sex-dependent manner. The research to date linking placental maladaptive responses and later developmental origins of adult health and disease effects will be explored. Finally, we will focus on how sex chromosomes and epimutations may contribute to sex-dependent differences in placental function, the unanswered questions, and future directions that warrant further consideration.

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“…Female eutherian mammals randomly inactivate one of the two X chromosomes to equilibrate expression between the sexes in somatic cells [1], although species vary in their early development [2–4]. The time period for the initiation of random XCI in mice is during post-implantation, which occurs at approximately 5.0–7.5 days post coitum (dpc) [5, 6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Random X-chromosome inactivation dynamics in vivo by single-cell RNA sequencing

et al. 2017

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BackgroundRandom X-chromosome inactivation (rXCI) is important for the maintenance of normal somatic cell functions in female eutherian mammals. The dynamics of X-chromosome inactivation initiation has been widely studied by assessing embryonic stem cell differentiation in vitro. To investigate the phenomenon in vivo, we applied RNA sequencing to single cells from female embryos obtained from a natural intercrossing of two genetically distant mouse strains. Instead of artificially assigning the parental origin of the inactive X chromosome, the inactive X chromosomes in this study were randomly selected from the natural developmental periods and thus included both paternal and maternal origins.ResultsThe rXCI stages of single cells from the same developmental stage showed heterogeneity. The high resolution of the rXCI dynamics was exhibited. The inactivation orders of X chromosomal genes were determined by their functions, expression levels, and locations; generally, the inactivation order did not exhibit a parental origin preference. New escape genes were identified. Ohno’s hypothesis of dosage compensation was refuted by our post-implantation stage data.ConclusionsWe found the inactivation orders of X chromosomal genes were determined by their own properties. Generally, the inactivation order did not exhibit a parental origin preference. It provided insights into the gene silencing dynamics during rXCI in vivo.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3466-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Random X inactivation in the mule and horse placenta

Cited by 43 publications

References 38 publications

X chromosome regulation: diverse patterns in development, tissues and disease

X chromosome regulation: diverse patterns in development, tissues and disease

Sex-Specific Placental Responses in Fetal Development

Random X-chromosome inactivation dynamics in vivo by single-cell RNA sequencing

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