Randomized Controlled-Feeding Study of Dietary Emulsifier Carboxymethylcellulose Reveals Detrimental Impacts on the Gut Microbiota and Metabolome

Chassaing, Benoît; Compher, Charlene; Bonhomme, Brittaney; Liu, Qing; Tian, Yuan; Walters, William A.; Nessel, Lisa; Delaroque, Clara; Hao, Fuhua; Gershuni, Victoria M.; Chau, Lillian; Ni, Josephine; Bewtra, Meenakshi; Albenberg, Lindsey; Bretin, Alexis; McKeever, Liam; Ley, Ruth E.; Patterson, Andrew D.; Wu, Gary D.; Gewirtz, Andrew T.; Lewis, James D.

doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.006

Cited by 170 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Overnutrition can cause metabolic and structural changes in adipocytes, which initiate an inflammatory program and the subsequent recruitment of proinflammatory macrophages (Reilly and Saltiel, 2017). Moreover, emerging studies have demonstrated that metabolic inflammation is characterized by alterations in gut microbiota structure (Tilg et al, 2020;Chassaing et al, 2021;Shealy et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polydextrose Alleviates Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Modulates the Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

Niu

Yang

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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The soluble dietary fiber polydextrose (PDX) is a randomly linked glucose oligomer containing small amounts of sorbitol and citric acid and is widely used in the food industry. However, whether PDX can prevent and treat obesity in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice has not been directly investigated, and further studies are needed to better understand the complex interactions among PDX, adipose tissue inflammation and the gut microbiota. In the present study, PDX reduced body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), adipose tissue accumulation, adipocyte hypertrophy, serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, PDX alleviated serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels and macrophage infiltration in epididymal adipose tissue and resulted in macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that PDX promoted the growth of beneficial microbes such as Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Alloprevotella, Muribaculum, Akkermansia, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 and UBA1819 in obese mice, which were negatively correlated with subcutaneous fat, epididymal fat, body weight, FBG, serum TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and LPS levels. Our results indicates that PDX can prevent and treat obesity in HFD-fed mice, specifically in alleviating glucolipid metabolism disorders and adipose tissue inflammation, which may be mediated by modulating the structure of the gut microbiota. Therefore, PDX may become a promising nondrug therapy for obesity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polydextrose Alleviates Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Modulates the Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

Niu

Yang

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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“…Emulsifier-mediated alterations in the murine gut microbiota were both necessary and sufficient to drive the above-mentioned pathologies [ 96 ]. These pioneering observations have recently been confirmed in a randomized human controlled-feeding study [ 97 ], emphasizing that diet composition powerfully influences the gut-microbiota composition and function, and thus the nature of host–microbe interactions.…”

Section: Shaping the Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 88%

Rewiring host–microbe interactions and barrier function during gastrointestinal inflammation

Jensen

Pærregaard

Brandum

et al. 2022

Gastroenterology Report

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Organismal survival depends on a well-balanced immune system and maintenance of host–microbe mutualism. The fine-tuned relationship between the gut microbiota and host immunity is constantly challenged by opportunistic bacteria testing the integrity of gastrointestinal (GI) barrier defenses. Barrier dysfunction reduces immunological tolerance towards otherwise innocuous microbes; it is a process that may instigate chronic inflammation. Paradoxically, sustained inflammation further diminishes barrier function, enabling bacterial translocation to extra-intestinal tissues. Once translocated, these bacteria stimulate systemic inflammation, thereby compromising organ function. While genetic risk alleles associate with barrier dysfunction, environmental stressors are key triggers of GI inflammation and associated breakdown in immune tolerance towards resident gut microbes. As dietary components dictate substrate availability, they also orchestrate microbiota composition and function, including migratory and pro-inflammatory potential, thus holding the capacity to fuel both GI and extra-intestinal inflammation. Additionally, Western diet consumption may weaken barrier defenses via curbed Paneth cell function and diminished host-defense peptide secretion. This review focuses on intervenable niches of host–microbe interactions and mucosal immunity with the ambition to provide a framework of plausible strategies to improve barrier function and regain tolerance in the inflamed mucosa via nutritional intervention.

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“…Indeed, the most studied substances are carboxymethyl cellulose (P80) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Several studies demonstrated that their consumption can decrease microbial diversity [95][96][97][98][99] and induce gut bacterial variations [100] such as a growth of Gammaproteobacteria, known for promoting mucosa-associated inflammation [95,96,101,102], an increase in Bacteroidales [100], Bacteroidetes [100], and a decrease in Clostridiales [97,100] and Lactobacillus [100]. Additionally, the maternal consumption of P80 in mice can induce dysbiosis in offspring with an increase in Proteobacteria, Helicobactraceae, Campylobacterales, and Desulfovibrionales [103].…”

Section: Emulsifiers Gut Microbiota and Ibdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inflammation itself can also impact microbiota composition, exacerbating dysbiosis and potential colitis, promoting the development of chronic inflammatory diseases such as IBD. Recently, Chassaing et al [98] performed a double-blind controlled feeding study of CMC (15 g per person per day representing a total amount of emulsifiers by persons whose diets largely comprised highly processed foods) in healthy adults. Compared with controls, CMC reduces bacterial gut diversity and beneficial metabolomes such as SCFAs.…”

Section: Emulsifiers Gut Microbiota and Ibdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Additives, a Key Environmental Factor in the Development of IBD through Gut Dysbiosis

et al. 2022

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Diet is a key environmental factor in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and, at the same time, represents one of the most promising therapies for IBD. Our daily diet often contains food additives present in numerous processed foods and even in dietary supplements. Recently, researchers and national authorities have been paying much attention to their toxicity and effects on gut microbiota and health. This review aims to gather the latest data focusing on the potential role of food additives in the pathogenesis of IBDs through gut microbiota modulation. Some artificial emulsifiers and sweeteners can induce the dysbiosis associated with an alteration of the intestinal barrier, an activation of chronic inflammation, and abnormal immune response accelerating the onset of IBD. Even if most of these results are retrieved from in vivo and in vitro studies, many artificial food additives can represent a potential hidden driver of gut chronic inflammation through gut microbiota alterations, especially in a population with IBD predisposition. In this context, pending the confirmation of these results by large human studies, it would be advisable that IBD patients avoid the consumption of processed food containing artificial food additives and follow a personalized nutritional therapy prescribed by a clinical nutritionist.

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Randomized Controlled-Feeding Study of Dietary Emulsifier Carboxymethylcellulose Reveals Detrimental Impacts on the Gut Microbiota and Metabolome

Cited by 170 publications

References 35 publications

Polydextrose Alleviates Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Modulates the Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

Polydextrose Alleviates Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Modulates the Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

Rewiring host–microbe interactions and barrier function during gastrointestinal inflammation

Food Additives, a Key Environmental Factor in the Development of IBD through Gut Dysbiosis

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