“…Taken together, our new data and these earlier studies hint that relevant and heritable variation -even in the almost total absence of molecular marker-based estimates of genetic diversity -was likely present in the New Zealand and, subsequently, bridgehead European populations that seeded future invasions. This hypothesis can be evaluated by including further unsampled potential native source populations more recently invaded regions like Japan and Chile (Hamada et al, 2013;Collado, 2014;Collado & Fuentealba, 2020) as well as comparing the phenotypic means and variances of native vs. invasive clones (e.g., Keller & Taylor, 2008;Neiman & Krist, 2016;Levri et al, 2017). These studies will provide a powerful test of the role -if any -of genetic and phenotypic variation in driving initial vs. later invasions.…”