Range-Wide Threats to a Foundation Tree Species from Disturbance Interactions

Dillon, Whalen W.; Meentemeyer, Ross K.; Vogler, John; Cobb, Richard C.; Metz, Margaret R.; Rizzo, David M.

doi:10.3120/0024-9637-60.2.139

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Then, the potential for other disturbances to alter those forces is evaluated; if the relative strength of those forces varies spatially (as in the landslide example), then variation as a function of topography or location must be considered. Experimental data is useful in determining the relative strength of drivers, and associated change in those drivers postdisturbance (e.g., Cannon et al 2014), and GIS has proven useful in predicting linked and compound disturbance relationships spatially, when changes in those drivers can be mapped (e.g., sudden oak death, Dillon et al 2013).…”

Section: Disaggregating Disturbances and Predicting Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disturbance interactions: characterization, prediction, and the potential for cascading effects

2015

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Citation: Buma, B. 2015. Disturbance interactions: characterization, prediction, and the potential for cascading effects.Ecosphere 6(4):70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00058.1Abstract. Disturbances are fundamental components of ecosystems and, in many cases, a dominant driver of ecosystem structure and function at multiple spatial and temporal scales. While the effect of any one disturbance may be relatively well understood, multiple interacting disturbances can cause unexpected disturbance behavior (e.g., larger extents), altered return likelihoods, or reduced ecosystem resilience and regime shifts. Given the long-lasting implications of such events, and the potential for changes in disturbance rates driven by climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressures, developing a broad conceptual understanding and some predictive ability regarding the likelihood of interactions between disturbances is crucial. Through a broad synthesis of the literature, and across multiple biomes, disturbance interactions are placed into a unified framework around the concept of changing ecosystem resistance (''linked interactions,'' alterations to likelihood, extent, or severity) or ecosystem resilience (''compound interactions,'' alterations to recovery time or trajectory). Understanding and predicting disturbance interactions requires disaggregating disturbances into their constituent legacies, identifying the mechanisms which drive disturbances behavior (or ecosystem recovery), and determining when and where those mechanisms might be altered by the legacies of prior disturbances. The potential for cascading effects is discussed, by which these interactions may extend the reach of anthropogenic or climate change-induced alterations to disturbances beyond what is currently anticipated. Finally, several avenues for future research are outlined, as suggested from the current literature (and areas in which that literature is lacking). These include the potential for cross-scale interactions and changing scale-driven limitations, further work on cascading effects, and the potential for cross-biome comparisons. Disturbance interactions have the potential to cause large, nonlinear, or unexpected changes in ecosystem structure and functioning; finding generality across these complex events is an important step in predicting their occurrence and understanding their significance.

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Section: Disaggregating Disturbances and Predicting Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disturbance interactions: characterization, prediction, and the potential for cascading effects

2015

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“…Tanoaks are among the most susceptible wild North American hosts to the pathogen, and experience both the deadly but rarely infectious bole form of the disease this pathogen causes (the widely known “Sudden Oak Death”), and the foliar and infectious form of the disease known as “Ramorum Blight” [ 14 ]. Tanoak has experienced the highest mortality rates among wild hosts [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], to the point that it is widely speculated that extinction of local populations may soon occur in heavily infested areas [ 18 , 19 ]. Agri-fos (Agrichem, potassium phosphite salts) is a registered fungicide in California and is now used for the protection of trees from Sudden Oak Death (causal organism the oomycete Phytophthora ramorum ) in wildlands and particularly for the protection of oaks ( Quercus spp.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Resistance and Phosphite Treatment Affect Both the Pathogen’s and Host’s Transcriptomes in the Tanoak-Phytophthora ramorum Pathosystem

Kasuga

Hayden

Eyre

et al. 2021

JoF

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Phosphites have been used to control Sudden Oak Death; however, their precise mode of action is not fully understood. To study the mechanism of action of phosphites, we conducted an inoculation experiment on two open-pollinated tanoak families, previously found to be partially resistant. Stems of treatment group individuals were sprayed with phosphite, and seven days later, distal leaves were inoculated with the Sudden Oak Death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Leaves from treated and untreated control plants were harvested before and seven days after inoculation, and transcriptomes of both host and pathogen were analyzed. We found that tanoak families differed in the presence of innate resistance (resistance displayed by untreated tanoak) and in the response to phosphite treatment. A set of expressed genes associated with innate resistance was found to overlap with an expressed gene set for phosphite-induced resistance. This observation may indicate that phosphite treatment increases the resistance of susceptible host plants. In addition, genes of the pathogen involved in detoxification were upregulated in phosphite-treated plants compared to phosphite-untreated plants. In summary, our RNA-Seq analysis supports a two-fold mode of action of phosphites, including a direct toxic effect on P. ramorum and an indirect enhancement of resistance in the tanoak host.

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“…This is warranted as land management policy can be more readily changed compared to an environmental event such as drought; policy and management can also affect environmental drivers of disease or landscape-level host distribution [3,38].…”

Section: Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree Diseases as a Cause and Consequence of Interacting Forest Disturbances

Cobb

Metz

2017

Forests

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Abstract:The disease triangle is a basic and highly flexible tool used extensively in forest pathology. By linking host, pathogen, and environmental factors, the model provides etiological insights into disease emergence. Landscape ecology, as a field, focuses on spatially heterogeneous environments and is most often employed to understand the dynamics of relatively large areas such as those including multiple ecosystems (a landscape) or regions (multiple landscapes). Landscape ecology is increasingly focused on the role of co-occurring, overlapping, or interacting disturbances in shaping spatial heterogeneity as well as understanding how disturbance interactions mediate ecological impacts. Forest diseases can result in severe landscape-level mortality which could influence a range of other landscape-level disturbances including fire, wind impacts, and land use among others. However, apart from a few important exceptions, these disturbance-disease interactions are not well studied. We unite aspects of forest pathology with landscape ecology by applying the disease-triangle approach from the perspective of a spatially heterogeneous environment. At the landscape-scale, disturbances such as fire, insect outbreak, wind, and other events can be components of the environmental 'arm' of the disease triangle, meaning that a rich base of forest pathology can be leveraged to understand how disturbances are likely to impact diseases. Reciprocal interactions between disease and disturbance are poorly studied but landscape ecology has developed tools that can identify how they affect the dynamics of ecosystems and landscapes.

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Range-Wide Threats to a Foundation Tree Species from Disturbance Interactions

Cited by 5 publications

References 55 publications

Disturbance interactions: characterization, prediction, and the potential for cascading effects

Disturbance interactions: characterization, prediction, and the potential for cascading effects

Innate Resistance and Phosphite Treatment Affect Both the Pathogen’s and Host’s Transcriptomes in the Tanoak-Phytophthora ramorum Pathosystem

Tree Diseases as a Cause and Consequence of Interacting Forest Disturbances

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