Rankine Carnot Batteries with the Integration of Thermal Energy Sources: A Review

Frate, Guido Francesco; Ferrari, Lorenzo; Desideri, Umberto

doi:10.3390/en13184766

Cited by 70 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Pressurized water is often considered as high-temperature liquid sensible heat storage, in view of its advantages of high thermal capacity, along with being cheaply available and environmentally friendly [1]. As for low-temperature TES, a water solution with ethylene glycol is commonly used, since its operating temperatures can reach −30 °C [22]. For the HT-TES system, pressurized water at atmospheric temperature flows through a gas cooler in the VCHP system and absorbs heat to raise the temperature.…”

Section: System Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Temperature Heat Pump Using CO2-Based Mixture for Simultaneous Heat and Cold Energy Reservation

Li,

Wang,

Guo

et al. 2023

Energies

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To leverage temperature glide in evaporation, a transcritcal heat pump using a CO2-based mixture is investigated from a perspective of simultaneous heat and cold energy storage. Coefficient of performance for heating (COPh) and exergy efficiency are used to evaluate system performance. A parametric investigation on the heat pump is conducted, and the coupling behavior of the cycle with thermal energy storage (TES) material is investigated in view of stored exergy of TES. Optimization and comparative studies are carried out among various mixtures. The results reveal that maximum cycle temperature is mainly affected by high pressure and superheating degree, while minimum cycle temperature, as well as cold exergy, is highly dependent on evaporating temperature glide, with little influence from high pressure. The total exergy efficiency can reach up to 60%. The temperature of low temperature TES could reach as low as −32.4 °C for CO2/R601, providing the largest proportion of cold exergy to total exergy, up to 30.1%.

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Section: System Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Temperature Heat Pump Using CO2-Based Mixture for Simultaneous Heat and Cold Energy Reservation

Li,

Wang,

Guo

et al. 2023

Energies

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“…It has low energy costs and a relatively high efficiency; however, it comes with the downsides of high environmental impact, and geographical restrictions. Additionally, this technology is becoming increasingly difficult to exploit, as in most developed countries the potential for new installations is nearly exhausted [3], [4]. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a system which stores energy in the form of gas pressure.…”

Section: Classification Of Existing Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermo-Economic Optimization of a Carnot Battery Under Transient Conditions

Santos

André

Mendes

et al. 2023

36th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems (ECOS 20

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With the efforts to decarbonize the energy sector comes a growing demand of electricity, most of which is to be supplied by renewable generation in a carbon-neutral future. To balance the variability inherent to most renewable energy sources, some form of energy storage is required. In this work, a short review of current systems is made with a particular focus on Carnot Batteries, whose operating characteristics, long life and low environmental footprint make them competitive for daily energy storage. A transient model was developed to simulate the full operation of a Carnot Battery composed of a Vapour Compression Heat Pump and Organic Rankine Cycles in conjunction with sensible thermal storage. The key performance parameters were identified, and a Pareto optimization was carried out by balancing costs and performance across 25 configurations of storage temperature spread and heat exchanger pinch point. It was concluded that the wider storage spreads and higher pinch points lead to lower costs as they decrease the size of the water tank and the heat exchangers, and to lower efficiencies as unfavourable temperature gradients are created for the heat pump and heat engine. A Pareto front was identified, consisting of 10 configurations that were able to either optimize one criterion, or balance of two or more criteria, and conclusions were drawn as to the applicability of each configuration.

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“…The availability of the heat source then decreases temperature lift of the heat pump (or provides a heat source in less considered concept, where the heat sink is below ambient by cold energy stored and prepared in time of excess electricity by refrigeration cycle). Roundtrip efficiency can, as a result of heat input, theoretically exceed 100% [72]. Regarding the size and cost, storage tanks need to be carefully considered as in the case of low temperature glide; even a small power output requires large tanks, which might be costly for long duration storage.…”

Section: Reversible Rc Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Carnot Battery Technology Commercial Development

et al. 2022

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Carnot batteries are a quickly developing group of technologies for medium and long duration electricity storage. It covers a large range of concepts which share processes of a conversion of power to heat, thermal energy storage (i.e., storing thermal exergy) and in times of need conversion of the heat back to (electric) power. Even though these systems were already proposed in the 19th century, it is only in the recent years that this field experiences a rapid development, which is associated mostly with the increasing penetration of intermittent cheap renewables in power grids and the requirement of electricity storage in unprecedented capacities. Compared to the more established storage options, such as pumped hydro and electrochemical batteries, the efficiency is generally much lower, but the low cost of thermal energy storage in large scale and long lifespans comparable with thermal power plants make this technology especially feasible for storing surpluses of cheap renewable electricity over typically dozens of hours and up to days. Within the increasingly extensive scientific research of the Carnot Battery technologies, commercial development plays the major role in technology implementation. This review addresses the gap between academia and industry in the mapping of the technologies under commercial development and puts them in the perspective of related scientific works. Technologies ranging from kW to hundreds of MW scale are at various levels of development. Some are still in the stage of concepts, whilst others are in the experimental and pilot operations, up to a few commercial installations. As a comprehensive technology review, this paper addresses the needs of both academics and industry practitioners.

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Rankine Carnot Batteries with the Integration of Thermal Energy Sources: A Review

Cited by 70 publications

References 55 publications

High-Temperature Heat Pump Using CO2-Based Mixture for Simultaneous Heat and Cold Energy Reservation

High-Temperature Heat Pump Using CO2-Based Mixture for Simultaneous Heat and Cold Energy Reservation

Thermo-Economic Optimization of a Carnot Battery Under Transient Conditions

Review of Carnot Battery Technology Commercial Development

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