“…Numerous studies have been carried out on the application of lean ( [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20]) and system simulation ( [21], [21], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29]) to improve the productivity of various manufacturing sectors such as aerospace, automotive, steel, telecommunication, food, pharmaceutical, rope, metal, and instrumentation. Although several studies have been conducted on the use of either VSM or simulation techniques with a view to improving the productivity of various manufacturing industries, no study in the literature has examined the integration of simulation and VSM in improving productivity in a steel shaft manufacturing environment.…”