“…In addition, it appears also important to better understand the dynamic and unadapted remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling that also forms a permissive milieu that favors the structural remodeling of the pulmonary vascular wall. In this context, considerable progress has been made and different promising molecular targets have been identified including the MIF-CD74 axis, 69 the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis expressed in peripheral tissues tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)-1, 76,135-137 the apelin-APJ signaling, 138,139 the RhoA/ROCK signaling, [140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147] the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPRII) and BMP9, [148][149][150][151] the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), 106 the transcriptional factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), [152][153][154][155][156] the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway, [157][158][159] the HIPPO signaling pathway, 68,126 the two-pore-domain potassium channel TASK-1, 160,161 the Notch3 signaling, 63,162 the forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), 83 granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 163 leukotriene B4 (LTB4), 164 and leptin [107][108][109] signaling pathways.…”