Background
The role of glutamatergic receptors in major depressive disorder (MDD) continues to be of great interest for therapeutic development. Recent studies suggest that both negative and positive modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) can produce rapid antidepressant effects. Here we report that zelquistinel, a novel NMDAR allosteric modulator, exhibits high oral bioavailability and dose-proportional exposures in plasma and the central nervous system and produces rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects in rodents by enhancing activity-dependent, long-term synaptic plasticity.
Methods
NMDAR-mediated functional activity was measured in cultured rat brain cortical neurons (calcium imaging), hNR2A or B subtype-expressing HEK cells, and synaptic plasticity rat hippocampal and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) slices in vitro. Pharmacokinetics were evaluated in rats following oral administration. Antidepressant-like effects were assessed in the rat forced swim test (FST) and the chronic social deficit (CSD) mouse model. Target engagement and the safety/tolerability profile was assessed using PCP-induced hyperlocomotion and rotarod rodent models.
Results
Following a single oral dose, zelquistinel (0.1–100 µg/kg) produced rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects in the rodent depression models. Brain/CSF concentrations associated with zelquistinel antidepressant-like activity also increased NMDAR function and rapidly and persistently enhanced activity-dependent synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation), suggesting zelquistinel produces antidepressant-like effects by enhancing NMDAR function and synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, Zelquistinel inhibited PCP (an NMDAR antagonist)-induced hyperlocomotion and did not impact rotarod performance.
Conclusions
Zelquistinel produces rapid and sustained antidepressant effects by positively modulating the NMDARs, thereby enhancing long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission.