Rape Camps as a Means of Ethnic Cleansing: Religious, Cultural, and Ethical Responses to Rape Victims in the Former Yugoslavia

Salzman, Todd A.

doi:10.1353/hrq.1998.0019

Cited by 94 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…They also set up detention centers, where women of all ages were gang raped as well as raped until they became pregnant. Those women were often held in captivity until the pregnancies were too far advanced for abortions (Bracewell 2000;Diken and Laustsen 2005;Salzman 1998;Sharlach 2000). In the post-colonial African context, rape has been as pervasive as in any conflict .…”

Section: Genocidal Rapementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the purposes of this paper, deliberate HIV infection is one of many ways rape becomes a weapon within the Rwandan genocide. the conflict, with some military units being expressly charged with raping women and girls in villages and camps (see Bracewell 2000;Diken and Laustsen 2005;Salzman 1998).…”

Section: Genocidal Rapementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The children that survive to birth and into youth are a constant symbol of the genocide experience. Second, as the children and their mothers are often outcasts from their kin groups because of the assaults themselves, this enhances the social disorganization of villages and cities which now bear the burden of either caring for or ignoring this new underclass of community members (Diken and Laustsen 2005;Salzman 1998). Thirdly, in societies where lineage membership is determined via patrilineal parentage, the children in question are members of the father's and not the mother's ethnic group.…”

Section: Genocidal Rapementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, this practice is seemingly omnipresent. Both genocidal events in the former Yugoslavia exhibited systematically structured and coordinated sexual assaults (Card 1996;Salzman 1998). In the Darfur region of Sudan, numerous media and human rights organizations have presented calls for action to stop wide-spread rapes throughout the region, especially those being committed by the…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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“He Would Kill Me With His Penis”: Genocidal Rape in Rwanda as a State Crime

Mullins

2009

Crit Crim

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Only recently have critical criminologists begun a systematic exploration of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity as state crimes (Kramer and Michalowski 2005;Mullins and Rothe 2008;Haveman and Smeulers 2008). This paper contributes to that growing literature through examining the nature and dynamics of sexual violence as it occurred during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. It draws upon empirical examination of events depicted in transcripts of trials held before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. It qualitatively examines the role of leaders in producing mass sexual assaults. It explores how sexual mutilations were more intense expressions of what the genocide's local leaders hoped to accomplish through the use of rape in the event. It also explores long-term results of victimization for survivors. Finally, this paper then uses an integrated theory of state crime (see Mullins and Rothe 2008; Mullins 2006, 2008a) to illuminate the causal forces at play on multiple levels of analysis in producing the sexual violence specifically within the broader genocide.Despite its ubiquity, sexual assaults which occur during military conflicts have received little systematic criminological attention. The use of sexual assault as a weapon in a genocidal event has been examined even less frequently. Recent genocides have displayed a marked use of wide-scale sexual violence as a central technique in the broader attempt to eliminate a category of people. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, this practice is seemingly omnipresent. Both genocidal events in the former Yugoslavia exhibited systematically structured and coordinated sexual assaults (Card 1996;Salzman 1998). In the Darfur region of Sudan, numerous media and human rights organizations have presented calls for action to stop wide-spread rapes throughout the region, especially those being committed by the

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Section: Genocidal Rapementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Genocidal Rapementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Genocidal Rapementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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“He Would Kill Me With His Penis”: Genocidal Rape in Rwanda as a State Crime

Mullins

2009

Crit Crim

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“…In fact, rape in wartime is widespread, and it is used not just as a way to humiliate the male opponent as protector of women, but also as a way to destroy the opponent's culture and the integrity of the group (Niarchos 2006;Mostov 2000, 96;Salzman 2006;Seifert 1994;Sjoberg and Peet 2011). Even in peacetime, international rape occasionally develops into a diplomatic issue, as we will see in Chapter IV.…”

Section: Women and Boundariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Discursive Construction of Japanese Identity and its Haunting Others

Yamada¹

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Militarism and Gender‐Based Violence

Sharoni

2016

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies

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The relationship between militarism and gender‐based violence is rooted in the gendered socialization of boys and girls. The militarization of masculinities and femininities begins at a young age, reinforcing a gendered division of power and labor and legitimizing the use of political violence. In conflict zones, political violence is often accompanied by gender‐based violence, including sexual assault, rape, sexual slavery, human trafficking, and intimate‐partner violence. Higher rates of violence against women can be found in militarized societies, especially during and in the aftermath of wars. Militaristic interpretations of “national security” and the massive presence of armed military and police personnel paradoxically heighten the sense of insecurity of both women and minority groups. Though women have led peace movements and anti‐militarism efforts, new evidence suggests that under some circumstances some women may take part in male‐led sexualized violence against noncombatants. The United Nations and other human rights organizations have long been concerned with the situation of women in armed conflict. Multiple UN resolutions and special reports, culminating in UNSCR 1325, suggest that the increased participation of women at all levels of the political system may contribute to peacebuilding and reduce the rate of gender‐based violence.

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Rape Camps as a Means of Ethnic Cleansing: Religious, Cultural, and Ethical Responses to Rape Victims in the Former Yugoslavia

Cited by 94 publications

References 4 publications

“He Would Kill Me With His Penis”: Genocidal Rape in Rwanda as a State Crime

“He Would Kill Me With His Penis”: Genocidal Rape in Rwanda as a State Crime

The Discursive Construction of Japanese Identity and its Haunting Others

Militarism and Gender‐Based Violence

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