Rape causal attitudes among adolescents

On national and cultural boundaries: a cross-cultural approach to sexual violence perpetration in Brazil and the United Kingdom

“…In line with that, and thinking specifically about sexual violence perpetration, Cowan and Campbell (1995) comment that the true comprehension of the phenomenon requires a full understanding of different cultural contexts, gender roles, socio-economic context, stereotypes, individual characteristics, and so on. According to these authors, this offence cannot be treated as an isolated problem, and this is the main reason why any attempt to fully understand and explain this phenomenon should take into account both the individual mind and the diverse aspects of social interaction (Berry et al, 2011).…”

Rape Myth Acceptance among Adolescent Males – How to Integrate Components of Preventative Sexual Assault Programs into Sex Education

“…The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is associated with the development of rational decision making. This region does not fully develop until around age 25, leading many researchers to believe that the interplay between the amygdala and the PFC is responsible for the impulsive and emotionally driven behaviors that mark adolescence (Choudhury, Blakemore, & Charman, 2006;Cowan & Campbell, 1995;Dahl, 2004;Steinberg & Morris, 2001). …”

“…Swauger, Witham, and Shinberg (2013) found that by the age of 14, sexual attitudes are consistently and strongly held within an individual's social consciousness. Similarly, Cowan and Campbell (1995) argued that rape supportive beliefs are generally formed before adulthood is reached. Xenos and Smith (2001) supported Cowan and Campbell's argument and found that rape myths were regularly accepted among student populations.…”

“…Differences in rape attitudes have been theorized as a function of gender role expectations and socialization (Cowan & Campbell, 1995). To some degree, these differences account for rape supportive attitudes among men within a culture that perpetuates patriarchal ideals.…”

“…From the feminist perspective, sexual violence results from male socialization and conditioning that maintain patriarchal ideals of masculine dominance and power (Burt, 1980;Bowley & Lawrence, 1995;Gidycz & Kelley, 2016). Sociocultural theorists express that rape is representative of a larger phenomenon where women are subordinate, therefore sexual violence is accepted as normal (Cowan & Campbell, 1995;Mulliken, 2006;Swauger, Witham, & Shinberg, 2013). This type of victim blaming ideology alongside attitudes about rape that are accepting of these myths are commonly held my both men and women.…”