Rape in war1

Explaining Rape during Civil War: Cross-National Evidence (1980–2009)

“…Gang rapists are considered less pathological than single rapists (Bijleveld and Hendriks 2003), and perpetrators of group rape are far less likely to have previously committed sexual offenses than are lone perpetrators (Bijleveld and Hendriks 2003). Likewise, wartime rape is more likely to be committed by those who might not rape during peacetime (Malamuth 1996;Mezey 1994). Likewise, wartime rape is more likely to be committed by those who might not rape during peacetime (Malamuth 1996;Mezey 1994).…”

“…Additionally, criminologists argue that co-offenders of gang rape have more in common with members of groups that commit other types of violence than with perpetrators of single rape (Bijleveld et al 2007). Likewise, wartime rape is more likely to be committed by those who might not rape during peacetime (Malamuth 1996; Mezey 1994). The differences between lone perpetrators and group perpetrators shed light on acts of wartime rape, particularly by groups of abducted combatants who are not selected for their propensity to commit violence, but rather are randomly pulled out of their communities to join fighting forces 8…”

Mate choice preferences in an intergroup context: evidence for a sexual coercion threat-management system among women

“…Such affordances include the absence of consenting heterosexual mating options, antagonistic attitudes toward the victims' group, and a reduced likelihood of punishment or retaliation (Smuts, 1996). Indeed, the weight of evidence suggests that, throughout evolutionary history, intergroup conflict has increased a woman's risk of becoming the victim of sexual violence (Brownmiller, 1975;Buss, 1998;Chagnon, 1988;Chang, 1997;Epp, 1997;Lawson, 1989;Mezey, 1994;Niarchos, 1995;Roland, 1997;Rosenman, 2000;Sanday, 1981;Seifert, 1996).…”

Framing in the Making

“…Beyond the influence of a patriarchical structure, some scholars suggest sexual violence during war can be a result of group dynamics and collective encouragement, which propels men to engage in acts in which they would not otherwise participate (Benard, 1994;Malamuth, 1996;Mezey, 1994;Sanday, 2007). Similar to theories of collective violence, Cohen (2010) found that sexual assaults during civil conflicts took place as a means of intimidation during crucial times and places during war, but more importantly, sexual violence was used as a means of socializing soldiers.…”