Rapid analysis of ultraviolet filters using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

Abstract

An ionic-liquid-based in situ dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method coupled to headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was developed for the rapid analysis of ultraviolet filters. The chemical structures of five ionic liquids were specifically designed to incorporate various functional groups for the favorable extraction of the target analytes. Extraction parameters including ionic liquid mass, molar ratio of ionic liquid to metathesis reagent, vortex time, ionic strength, pH, and total sample volume were studied and optimized. The effect of the headspace temperature and volume during the headspace sampling step was also evaluated to increase the sensitivity of the method. The optimized procedure is fast as it only required ∼7-10 min per extraction and allowed for multiple extractions to be performed simultaneously. In addition, the method exhibited high precision, good linearity, and low limits of detection for six ultraviolet filters in aqueous samples. The developed method was applied to both pool and lake water samples attaining acceptable relative recovery values.

High‐throughput microscale extraction using ionic liquids and derivatives: A review

“…The combination of IL‐SDME with GC is less usual than IL‐SDME‐HPLC because direct injection of ILs in GC is not recommended due to the low volatility of the solvent. As alternative, some authors have employed thermal desorption of the analytes extracted in the IL or MIL using a thermal desorption unit [81] or an HS system [82,83] directly coupled to the GC. Thermal desorption of the analytes from the IL/MIL clearly increased the lifetime of the GC column.…”

“…When the stirring is stopped, the MIL is collected onto the magnet. The MIL can be easily transferred to a thermal desorption unit [93] or an HS system [94] for the direct thermal desorption in the GC system (as in some IL/MIL‐SDME applications [82,83]).…”

A Natural Monoterpene Enol for Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Droplets for Determination of Benzophenone Compounds in Water Samples

“…Nowadays, sample preparation technology has been developing towards high efficiency, rapidity, environmental sustainability, economy, and miniaturization [1,2]. Microextraction technologies, including solid phase microextraction (SPME) [3,4] and liquid phase microextraction (LPME) [5][6][7][8], have obtained great attention and overcome some intrinsic disadvantages such as consumption of many organic solvents, cumbersome steps, and time-consuming and laborious processes in traditional sample preparation techniques. Accordingly, microextraction technology, with its advantages of simplicity and rapid extraction equilibrium, plays a more and more important role in environmental, biological, and medical analysis [2,8,9].…”

“…Even so, it will be highly desirable to develop an efficient and environmentally friendly method for analyzing benzophenones in water solutions. At present, the methods for detecting such substances in the literature include HPLC-UV [5,[28][29][30], CE-UV [31], GC-MS [7,9,32], and LC-MS [6,26,[33][34][35][36]. Among them, HPLC-UV was mostly popular in routine monitoring due to its low cost and ease of operation.…”

Ultrasonic‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on a simple and green deep eutectic solvent for preconcentration of macrolides from swine urine samples

“…Solid‐phase extraction often suffers from the plugging of cartridge, and the cartridge is expensive and not reusable. Recently, dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction (DLLME) has become an important sample preparation technique because of its rapidity, ease of operation, and low cost . The classic DLLME suffers from some disadvantages including the use of halogenated organic solvents as the extraction solvent in most cases.…”