Rapid and quantitative determination of urea in milk by reaction headspace gas chromatography

Xie, Wei-Qi; Yu, Kong-Xian; Gong, Yi-Xian

doi:10.1016/j.microc.2019.03.063

Cited by 27 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Urea is the final metabolic product of proteins and amino acids in animals [49]. It is the main component of non-protein nitrogen in milk [50], and it is directly associated with animal health. Urea content in the blood is an important indicator of renal diseases, while urea content in milk is an indicator of feeding efficiency and quality, including protein content [49].…”

Section: Urea Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Line Technologies for the Analysis of Important Milk Parameters during the Milking Process: A Review

et al. 2021

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Considering automatized and robotic milking systems substantially decreasing the contact between producers and the herd, milk analysis is crucial to maintain the quality and safety of all dairy products. These systems naturally also decrease the possibility of health problems and illness identification. Abnormalities in milk can be caused by several factors. Milk quality can be affected by external conditions, such as temperature and contamination in the feedstock; by management practices, such as hygiene, milking frequency, treatment, and feedstuff quality; and by diseases, genetics, or age. Somatic cell count, electric conductivity, and contents of urea, fat, protein, and lactose were reviewed as likely parameters of milk representing its quality with respect to feedback for consumers and breeders. Methods for evaluating milk constituents and parameters are still being developed to provide in-line information. These methods allow the avoidance of enormous economic losses every year caused by milk discard, health treatments, or cow replacements. In addition, individual and in-line milk analysis provides information in terms of nutritional status or lactation period and fertility. The objective of this study is to identify trends and potential methods focusing on in situ and in-line techniques for the analysis of milk parameters during the automatized and robotic milking process. Four methods are described and compared: near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS), optical analysis, milk conductivity analysis, and milk leukocyte differential test. The versatility and accessibility of these methods were also evaluated, showing a considerable range of possible related problems.

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Section: Urea Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Line Technologies for the Analysis of Important Milk Parameters during the Milking Process: A Review

et al. 2021

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“…Currently, non-enzymatic urea sensing methods are limited, making it imperative to synthesize new materials that have modified properties. Different analytical methods have been used to determine urea, including colorimetry [ 5 ], infrared spectroscopy [ 6 ], fluorimetry [ 7 ], gas chromatography (GC) [ 8 ], high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [ 9 ], liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) [ 10 ], electroanalytical [ 11 ], and chemiluminescence [ 12 ]. Generally, the oxidation potential of uric acid and urea could be found in the range of 0.3–0.35 V and 0.5–0.6 V, respectively, as reported elsewhere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Urea Precursors Driven NiCo2O4 Nanostructures Based Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor for Milk and Urine Real Sample Applications

et al. 2023

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The electrochemical performance of NiCo2O4 with urea precursors was evaluated in order to develop a non-enzymatic urea sensor. In this study, NiCo2O4 nanostructures were synthesized hydrothermally at different concentrations of urea and characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Nanostructures of NiCo2O4 exhibit a nanorod-like morphology and a cubic phase crystal structure. Urea can be detected with high sensitivity through NiCo2O4 nanostructures driven by urea precursors under alkaline conditions. A low limit of detection of 0.05 and an analytical range of 0.1 mM to 10 mM urea are provided. The concentration of 006 mM was determined by cyclic voltammetry. Chronoamperometry was used to determine the linear range in the range of 0.1 mM to 8 mM. Several analytical parameters were assessed, including selectivity, stability, and repeatability. NiCo2O4 nanostructures can also be used to detect urea in various biological samples in a practical manner.

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“…Such studies often involve an integral component of imaging technique in computerised X‐ray imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the delivery of effective and desired radio‐contrast [ 11 ] agents to avoid concerns like contrast‐induced nephropathy and nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy. The amount of urea in physiological fluids as well as in environmental samples [ 12 ] has been quantitatively evaluated using various methods, such as solid phase extraction chromatography (ion and gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, chemiluminometric, colourimetric, spectrophotometric (ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, infra‐red [IR] spectroscopy), mass spectrometry, fluorimetric and electrochemical methods [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Nevertheless, techniques such as colourimetric analysis and ion chromatography suffered from a relatively lengthy time‐consuming processing of specimens, high cost of equipment, the operational need of qualified persons and long analytical time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advancements in urea biosensors for biomedical applications

Singh

Sharma

Singh

2021

IET Nanobiotechnology

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The quick progress in health care technology as a recurrent measurement of biochemical factors such as blood components leads to advance development and growth in biosensor technology necessary for effectual patient concern. The review wok of authors present a concise information and brief discussion on the development made in the progress of potentiometric, field effect transistor, graphene, electrochemical, optical, polymeric, nanoparticles and nanocomposites based urea biosensors in the past two decades. The work of authors is also centred on different procedures/methods for detection of urea by using amperometric, potentiometric, conductometric and optical processes, where graphene, polymer etc. are utilised as an immobilised material for the fabrication of biosensors. Further, a comparative revision has been accomplished on various procedures of urea analysis using different materials-based biosensors, and it discloses that electrochemical and potentiometric biosensor is the most promise one among all, in terms of rapid response time, extensive shelf life and resourceful design.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Rapid and quantitative determination of urea in milk by reaction headspace gas chromatography

Cited by 27 publications

References 25 publications

In-Line Technologies for the Analysis of Important Milk Parameters during the Milking Process: A Review

In-Line Technologies for the Analysis of Important Milk Parameters during the Milking Process: A Review

Advanced Urea Precursors Driven NiCo2O4 Nanostructures Based Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor for Milk and Urine Real Sample Applications

Recent advancements in urea biosensors for biomedical applications

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