Rapid assessment of antibiotic susceptibility using a fully 3D-printed impedance-based biosensor

A review on the surface modification of materials for 3D-printed diagnostic devices

“…There are also diagnostic applications where PLA was combined with carbon and carbon black. [53][54][55][56][57][58] The surface treatment of these materials was done with NaOH treatment, oxygen plasma, DMF, acetone and chloroform, electroplating, and deposition of materials. Some of their applications are the detection of hydrogen peroxide, C-reactive protein (CRP), dopamine, Hantavirus Araucaria nucleoprotein, Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ ions in real urine and saliva samples, glucose, and anti-microbial resistance.…”

Combined electrical-electrochemical phenotypic profiling of antibiotic susceptibility of in vitro biofilm models

“…56,57 In particular, the bacterial metabolic perturbation can be rapidly probed by the impedance change at the microbe-electrode. [58][59][60][61][62][63][64] Usually, the impedance is determined by the dielectric properties at the interface, the resistance of the bulk electrolyte, and the electron transfer efficiencies, which are all sensitively affected by bacterial metabolic activities. 65 Moreover, the bacterial cell body acts as an insulator while the internal components of the cells and the cellular metabolic byproducts are conductive.…”

Low cost 3D printable flow reactors for electrochemistry

“…3D printing offers a fast, low-cost alternative to purchasing instrument pieces through manufacturers, and models can be customized to suit a laboratory's needs better. Such examples of 3D model customizations in electrochemistry are most clearly demonstrated through the use of 3D printed electrodes [7] , [8] and biosensors [9] , [10] in the field of bioelectronics. Regarding environmentally focused electrochemistry, as described above, 3D printing membrane reactors for electrochemical conversion has been reported to have numerous benefits in addition to lower costs, including improved test capacities and better chemical identification; however, no 3D print design files were attached to these reports [11] , [12] , [13] .…”