Rapid changes in serum cytokines and chemokines in response to inactivated influenza vaccination

Abstract

BackgroundThe timing of host cytokine responses to influenza vaccination is poorly understood.ObjectivesWe examined serum cytokine kinetics following inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) to better understand potential relationships between markers of inflammation and TIV‐related side effects.Patients/MethodsTwenty healthy adult subjects received TIV. Cytokines/chemokines were assessed in intervals from 3 hours to 14 days. Antibody titers were measured at baseline and Day 14.ResultsSerum cytokine responses to TIV were evident as early as 3 hours post‐immunization. Compared to baseline, IFN‐γ and IP‐10 were significantly elevated 7 hours after TIV administration. Both remained elevated and peaked between 16 and 24 hours before returning to baseline by 44 hours post‐vaccination. Although IL‐8 levels were variable between subjects during the first 24 hours after TIV, by 44 hours, IL‐8 was significantly lower compared to baseline. Interestingly, IL‐8 levels remained significantly lower for up to 2 weeks after receiving TIV. Fifteen of 20 subjects reported mild adverse events. The one subject who reported moderate myalgias and injection site pain after vaccination displayed a distinctive, early cytokine response profile which included IL‐6, IL‐2, IL‐8, IP‐10, MCP‐1, TNF‐α, TARC, and MCP‐4.ConclusionsSerum cytokines changed rapidly following TIV and generally peaked at 24 hours. Trivalent influenza vaccine‐induced reductions in IL‐8 occurred later (44 hours) and were sustained for 2 weeks. An outlier response coincided with the only moderate side effects to the vaccine. These data suggest that early cytokine/chemokine responses may provide additional insight into the pathogenesis of adverse events and immune reactivity to vaccination.

Inflammatory Mediator Expression Associated With Antibody Response Induced by Live Attenuated vs Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine in Children

“…However, the timing of the expected cytokine response to influenza vaccination has not been well described. In a study in adults who received IIV, serum cytokines were measured at various time points, and it appears that some changed rapidly after vaccination [ 30 ]. Talaat et al reported elevated responses in IFN-γ and CXCL10 as early as 3 hours after immunization, with many returning to baseline within 2 days.…”

“…Talaat et al reported elevated responses in IFN-γ and CXCL10 as early as 3 hours after immunization, with many returning to baseline within 2 days. However, IL-8 was found to be lower compared with baseline for up to 2 weeks [ 30 , 31 ]. A study of adults found that IIV was associated with a higher seroresponse rate than LAIV.…”

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“…Cytokines act as effectors or modulators in the innate or adaptive immune system after influenza infection or vaccination and play an important role in development and control of the immune response. Measuring a broad range of cytokines following influenza infection or vaccination therefore provides an insight into the influenza pathogenicity or immunogenicity [242]. The multiplex cytokine assay is now widely used to allow simultaneous detection of a number of cytokines from the same sample, which is particularly important in studies of young children where only small…”

Development of a Combined Genetic Engineering Vaccine for Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae by a Baculovirus Expression System

“…Systemic IgG was measured by indirect ELISA using the same procedure described above, and HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-piglet IgG (1:5000; Bioss) was used as the secondary antibody. The cellular response was analyzed by detection of IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines in serum according to other related research [39,40,41]; in this case, commercial pig cytokine double antibody sandwich ELISA kits (Feiya Biological Technology, Yancheng, China) were used.…”