Rapid characterisation of xanthine oxidase inhibitors from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Using metabolomics approach

Abstract

Introduction Hyperuricemia is the key risk factor for gout, in which the elevated uric acid is attributed to the oxidation of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid by xanthine oxidase (XO). Adverse effects of the current treatments lead to an urgent need for safer and more effective alternative from natural resources. Objective To compare the metabolite profile of Chrysanthemum morifolium flower fraction with that of its detannified fraction in relation to XO inhibitory activity using a rapid and effective metabolomics approach. Methods Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR)‐based metabolomics approach coupled with multivariate data analysis was utilised to characterise the XO inhibitors related to the antioxidant properties, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents of the C. morifolium dried flowers. Results The highest XO inhibitory activity, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content with strong positive correlation between them were observed in the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction. Detannified EtOAc showed higher XO inhibitory activity than non‐detannified EtOAc fraction. A total of 17 metabolites were tentatively identified, of which three namely kaempferol, 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid and apigenin, could be suggested to be responsible for the strong XO inhibitory activity. Additive interaction between 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid and apigenin (or kaempferol) in XO inhibition was demonstrated in the interaction assay conducted. Conclusion Chrysanthemum morifolium dried flower‐part could be further explored as a natural XO inhibitor for its anti‐hyperuricemic potential. Metabolomics approach served as an effective classification of plant metabolites responsible for XO inhibitory activity, and demonstrated that multiple active compounds can work additively in giving combined inhibitory effects.

Methyl jasmonate enhances the anti-inflammatory effects of the adventitious roots in Abeliophyllum distichum by increasing the production of polyphenolic compounds

“…Phytochemical analyses have identified polyphenolic compounds such as coumaric acid and ferulic acid as biologically active compounds in A. distichum (Kim and Lee, 2015;Choi et al, 2017;Yoo et al, 2021). In addition, positive and strong correlations between the polyphenolic contents of EtOAc fractions and their pharmaceutical activities have been reported in various plant extracts (Kim et al, 2014;Tinco-Jayo et al, 2021;Loh et al, 2022). Therefore, we hypothesized that MeJA improves the production of polyphenolic compounds, resulting in enhanced antiinflammatory effects of AdAR.…”

Anti-Inflammatory and Hypouricemic Effect of Bioactive Compounds: Molecular Evidence and Potential Application in the Management of Gout

“…In particular, the ability to inhibit XOD has been investigated for a large number of molecules including caffeic acid [ 12 ], apigenin, quercetin, luteolin [ 13 , 14 ], kaempferol [ 15 ], rutin [ 16 ], chlorogenic acid [ 17 ], sinapic acid [ 18 ], phloroglucinol derivatives [ 19 ], and polyphenol-rich plant extracts [ 20 , 21 ]. Among the latter, extracts from tea leaves, Tartary buckwheat, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Smilax china L., Flourensia fiebrigii, and Keladi Candik, that contain a mix of many different bioactive compounds, have shown a high XOD inhibitory activity [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Molecular docking studies have demonstrated that these compounds can interact with some XOD amino acid residues, forming a complex which effectively interferes with the enzyme activity [ 11 , 15 , 27 ].…”

The effects and underlying mechanisms of medicine and food homologous flowers on the prevention and treatment of related diseases

“…The dried flower part of chrysanthemum can be used as a natural xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitor to alleviate hyperuricemia and other related diseases. C. morifolium Boju extract (CBE) can inhibit the activity of serum XOD, reduce the levels of indohydroxyl sulfate, lysophosphatidylcholine, and arachidonic acid (AA), alleviate chronic kidney disease, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and other hyperuricemia‐related diseases, and effectively improve hyperuricemia (Loh et al, 2022; Peng et al, 2019).…”