Rapid Characterization and Discovery of Chemical Markers for Discrimination of Xanthii Fructus by Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Xanthii Fructus (XF) is known as a medicinal plant. It has been used as a traditional medicine because of its high biological efficacy. However, there have been few comprehensive studies on the specific chemical composition of the plant and consequently, the information is lacking for the mechanism of the natural product metabolites in humans. In this study, an efficient analytical method to characterize and discriminate two species of Xanthii Fructus (Xanthium canadense Mill. and Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder) was established. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polar metabolites, and fatty acids were classified by integrated sample preparation, which allowed a broad range for the detection of metabolites simultaneously. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) followed by a multivariate statistical analysis was employed to characterize the chemical compositions and subsequently to discriminate between the two species. The results demonstrate that the two species possess obviously diverse chemical characteristics of three different classifications, and discriminant analysis was successfully applied to a number of chemical markers that could be used for the discrimination of the two species. Additional quantitative results for the selected chemical markers consistently showed significant differences between the two species.

TOCSY, hydrogen decoupling and computational calculations to an unequivocal structural elucidation of a new sesquiterpene derivative and identification of other constituents from Praxelis sanctopaulensis

“…Elaidic acid (18:1n‐9 t ) was the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid found in the P. sanctopaulensis hexane fraction, 133.68 ± 6.32 μg/g. Although trans ‐unsaturated fatty acids are rare in nature, elaidic acid was previously described in Asteraceae species 52,53 . Linoleic acid (18:2n‐6c), comprised the major polyunsaturated fatty acid found in this analysis 454.04 ± 17.34 μg/g, this acid was previously described from Eupatorium 51 …”

“…Although trans-unsaturated fatty acids are rare in nature, elaidic acid was previously described in Asteraceae species. 52,53 Linoleic acid (18:2n-6c), comprised the major polyunsaturated fatty acid found in this analysis 454.04 ± 17.34 μg/g, this acid was previously described from Eupatorium. 51…”

Ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐Quadrupole‐Exactive‐Orbitrap‐tandem mass spectrometry‐based putative identification for Eucommiae Folium (Duzhongye) and its quality‐marker candidate for pharmacopeia

“…Once isoquercitrin is added, the new Q-marker system can distinguish Eucommiae Folium from Pyrrosiae Folium or Xanthii Fructus. Accumulated literature suggested that the latter two contain no isoquercitrin [43][44][45]. Therefore, it can recognize the possible counterfeit during the manufacture of Eucommiae Folium products.…”

Effect of Xanthium Strumarium on HIV-1 5′-LTR Transcriptional Activity and Viral Reactivation in Latently Infected Cells

“…sibiricum (Patrin ex Widder) Greuter (X. strumarium) (Family Asteraceae), also called Cocklebur or Xanthii Fructus, is a CHM. X. strumarium has multiple pharmacological activities including the antiviral activity (Guo et al, 2013;Lin et al, 2014;Shi et al, 2015;Amin et al, 2016;Jiang et al, 2017;Fan et al, 2019;Kim et al, 2019;Xia et al, 2020a;Xia et al, 2020b;Yuan, 2020). As a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Pueraria montana var.…”