Rapid decay of Salmonella flagella antibodies during human gastroenteritis: A follow up study

Dalby, Tine; Strid, Mette A.; Beyer, Natascha Helena; Blom, Jens; Mølbak, Kåre; Krogfelt, Karen A.

doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2005.02.006

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…According to the laboratory-based national surveillance data for gastrointestinal infections, none of these patients were known to have suffered from bacterial gastroenteritis of a known etiology within the previous year. All patients were asked to deliver a blood sample shortly after the time of diagnosis as well as 3,6, and 12 months later. At the 12-month collection, 186 patients remained in the study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of the Human Antibody Response against Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium Determined by Lipopolysaccharide Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Strid

Dalby

Mølbak

et al. 2007

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Two indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were employed to measure levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA antibodies against Salmonella in sera from 303 Danish patients diagnosed by fecal culture with either Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis or Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infections. The ELISAs were based on serovar Enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and serovar Typhimurium LPS. The antibody levels were assessed approximately 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the onset of salmonellosis. Sera from 164 healthy blood donors were analyzed to establish cutoff values for each analysis. One month after the onset of symptoms, the sensitivities of the assays were 95% for patients recovering from a serovar Enteritidis infection and 89% for patients recovering from a serovar Typhimurium infection. Three months after the onset of symptoms, these values had decreased to 85% and 55%. At 6 months they were 62% and 40%, and at 12 months they were 40% and 16%, respectively. The specificities of the assays were 97% for the serovar Enteritidis LPS ELISA and 94% for the serovar Typhimurium LPS ELISA. The high values for both sensitivity and specificity make these two ELISAs useful for serodiagnoses of Salmonella infection shortly after the acute phase of the infection and of Salmonella-associated reactive arthritis, as well as for seroepidemiological studies. A mixed ELISA consisting of both antigens, i.e., serovar Enteritidis and serovar Typhimurium LPS, was developed as a diagnostic tool with very high values for both specificity and sensitivity.In Denmark, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium are the second and third most common causes of bacterial gastrointestinal infections, with Campylobacter spp. being the most common cause (1).The most common vehicles of nontyphoid Salmonella infections in humans are eggs, poultry, and red meat (1, 4, 7). Gastrointestinal infections in humans with Salmonella are commonly diagnosed by culturing feces or blood and by serology. Antibodies to Salmonella are traditionally detected by tube agglutination using the Widal test; however, this test has a low sensitivity and cannot be used to discriminate between antibody classes (immunoglobulin G [IgG], IgM, and IgA) (5). Nonetheless, the detection of specific antibodies is potentially valuable both for routine diagnostic purposes, such as the diagnosis of postinfection conditions, e.g., Salmonella-triggered reactive arthritis, and for seroepidemiological studies. However, the validation and result interpretation of serological tests require extensive knowledge about antibody development and decay profiles after the onset of infection. To our knowledge, such detailed antibody studies have not been performed previously with humans.Serology has been widely used in the veterinary sector, both for diagnosis and for seroprevalence studies; thus, a number of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been developed for animal testing. However, those tests are not dire...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of the Human Antibody Response against Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium Determined by Lipopolysaccharide Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Strid

Dalby

Mølbak

et al. 2007

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…The two largest studies (Isomäki et al, 1989;Strid et al, 2007) showed similar results with respect to sensitivity and specificity, and in both studies, cut-off for seropositivity was defined as the geometric mean optical density (OD) value+2 standard deviations in a control group of healthy blood donors. Cross-reactivity with antibodies against other enteric pathogens, especially Y. enterocolitica and H. pylori (Dalby et al, 2005;Strid et al, 2007), was observed. Comparison of these results with those from the other studies identified in the literature search was difficult due to a variety of reasons such as lack of details for ELISA results, no information about cut-off values, no reporting of sensitivity and/or specificity (e.g.…”

Section: Developing a Standardized Assay For Serodiagnosis Of Non-typmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All reported assays used LPS from a single Salmonella serovar (mostly S. Enteritidis or S. Typhimurium) separately, while Isomäki et al (1989), Seuri et al (2005), Dalby et al (2005) and Strid et al (2007) also report results for a mixture of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium LPS. Six studies reported the assay sensitivity (the proportion of positives correctly identified as positive) while four indicated specificity (the proportion of negatives correctly identified as negative); sensitivity ranged from 78 to 100 % and specificity ranged from 90 to 97 %.…”

Section: Documented Use Of Elisas To Detect Salmonella Antibodies In mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All eight studies reviewed for this purpose used S. Enteritidis and/or S. Typhimurium LPS antigens for inhouse ELISAs, four of which were based on the same commercially available LPS antigens (Isomäki et al, 1989;Dalby et al, 2005;Seuri et al, 2005;Strid et al, 2007). The two largest studies (Isomäki et al, 1989;Strid et al, 2007) showed similar results with respect to sensitivity and specificity, and in both studies, cut-off for seropositivity was defined as the geometric mean optical density (OD) value+2 standard deviations in a control group of healthy blood donors.…”

Section: Developing a Standardized Assay For Serodiagnosis Of Non-typmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering the need for rapid screening of patients with suspected typhoid salmonellosis, the ELISA technique was an optimal candidate for serological diagnosis of Salmonella infections and early attempts to use the outer-membrane LPS in ELISAs showed promising results for detecting antibodies in (Svenungsson et al, 1979). As an alternative to LPS, flagellar Salmonella antigens have also been used, but these tests had much lower sensitivity and specificity as well as higher cross-reactivity than the LPS-based assay (Dalby et al, 2005). Follow-up studies of salmonellosis patients have demonstrated the persistence of LPS-specific IgG for up to 12 months after infection, while IgM and IgA disappear after 2-4 months in most patients (Isomäki et al, 1989;Strid et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Detecting non-typhoid Salmonella in humans by ELISAs: a literature review

Kuhn

Falkenhorst

Ceper

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Detecting Non-typhoid Salmonella in Humans by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs): Practical and Epidemiological Aspects

Kuhn

Emborg

Krogfelt

et al. 2014

Methods in Molecular Biology

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Salmonellosis caused by non-typhoid Salmonella serotypes is one of the most common causes of food-borne illness throughout the world. The diagnosis is primarily by culture and more recently molecular methods, whereas the use of serological methods for diagnosis of Salmonella infections is limited by high running costs as well as low sensitivity and specificity. Fast and reliable immunoassays for detection of S. typhi subunit antigens are commercially available, but there is no international consensus of similar tests for non-typhoid salmonellosis. Most immunoassays for non-typhoid human Salmonella diagnosis are developed in-house and used in-house for research or regional surveillance purposes. Only few laboratories use serology for the diagnosis of Salmonella-associated complications such as arthritis. Considering the current burden of disease, the development of a validated and standardized, commercially available antibody assay for diagnosing non-typhoid human salmonellosis can be of great benefit for diagnostic and surveillance purposes throughout the world.

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Rapid decay of Salmonella flagella antibodies during human gastroenteritis: A follow up study

Cited by 14 publications

References 20 publications

Kinetics of the Human Antibody Response against Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium Determined by Lipopolysaccharide Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Kinetics of the Human Antibody Response against Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium Determined by Lipopolysaccharide Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Detecting non-typhoid Salmonella in humans by ELISAs: a literature review

Detecting Non-typhoid Salmonella in Humans by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs): Practical and Epidemiological Aspects

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