Rapid Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulant with Thermally Activated Porous Polymer Foams

Balow, Robert B.; Giles, Spencer L.; McGann, Christopher L.; Daniels, Grant C.; Lundin, Jeffrey G.; Pehrsson, Pehr E.; Wynne, James H.

doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.8b01546

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…There are a number of topics that evince a continuing, persistent interest, sometimes with an unexpected twist. The oxidation of DCPD-based PHs, which degrades its excellent mechanical properties, was used to impart advantageous functionality for the simultaneous sequestration and decontamination of toxic chemicals and for a self-decontaminating air filter for chemical warfare agents. , The pursuit of hierarchical porosities continues with the development of alternative routes for incorporating microporosity and mesoporosity into the macroporous PHs through hyper-cross-linking. , …”

Section: Perspectives and Prognosticationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsion Templating: Porous Polymers and Beyond

et al. 2019

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Emulsion templating presently extends far beyond the original hydrophobic porous polymers that were synthesized within surfactant-stabilized water-in-oil high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) by using free radical polymerization. This Perspective presents the extraordinary versatility of emulsion templating that has emerged with the growing numbers of HIPE systems, HIPE stabilization strategies, monomers, polymerization chemistries, multicomponent materials, and surface functionalities. Emulsion templating now goes far beyond "porous polymers" by encompassing the encapsulation of aqueous solutions, ionic melts, and organic liquids as well as by encompassing porous carbons and porous inorganics. Herein, we present comprehensive pictures of the state-of-the-art, of the prospective large-scale and niche applications, of the advantages and challenges for industrial scale-up, and of the crucial directions that should be pursued in future work. We demonstrate that it is emulsion templating's considerable and versatile parameter space that offers opportunities for pioneering work, breakthrough innovations, scientific/engineering achievements, and industrial adoption.

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Section: Perspectives and Prognosticationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsion Templating: Porous Polymers and Beyond

et al. 2019

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“…Additives such as triethylenediamine and metal oxides have been incorporated with activated carbon to expand the list of effectively sorbed toxic gases and chemicals, , but improved protection performance is still necessary. Other promising material systems, for example, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), , polyoxometalates, , metal (hydr)oxides, ,− and polymers, − have been investigated as reactive sorbents to reduce the possibility of secondary emission of sorbed species and extend sorption performance. However, many of these promising materials are difficult to scale to commercial quantities, easily contaminated by ambient atmospheric components, or suffer reduced sequestration or decomposition performance under operating environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Battling Chemical Weapons with Zirconium Hydroxide Nanoparticle Sorbent: Impact of Environmental Contaminants on Sarin Sequestration and Decomposition

et al. 2021

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The promising reactive sorbent zirconium hydroxide (ZH) was challenged with common environmental contaminants (CO2, SO2, and NO2) to determine the impact on chemical warfare agent decomposition. Several environmental adsorbates rapidly formed on the ZH surface through available hydroxyl species and coordinatively unsaturated zirconium sites. ZH decontamination effectiveness was determined using a suite of instrumentation including in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) to monitor sarin (GB) decomposition in real time and at ambient pressure. Surface products were characterized by ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adsorption enthalpies, entropies, and bond lengths for environmental contaminants and GB decomposition products were estimated using density functional theory (DFT). Consistent with the XPS and DRIFTS results, DFT simulations predicted the relative stabilities of molecular adsorbates and reaction products in the following order: CO2 < NO2 < GB ≈ SO2. Microbreakthrough capacity measurements on ZH showed a 7-fold increase in the sorption of NO2 vs SO2, which indicates differences in the surface reactivity of these species. GB decomposition was rapid on clean and CO2-dosed ZH and showed reduced decomposition on SO2- and NO2-predosed samples. Despite these findings, the total GB sorption capacity of clean and predosed ZH was consistent across all samples. These data provide insight into the real-world use of ZH as a reactive sorbent for chemical decontamination applications.

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“…Hydrophobicity can be increased by adding Fe 3 O 4 to the initial monomer to create superhydrophobic foams (contact angle over 150°) to remove oil or organic solvent pollutants from water[ 69 ]. A poly(dicyclopentadiene)-based polyHIPE oxidizes in air to produce reactive peroxy species that can be used to either decontaminate nerve agents[ 70 ] or produce a self-decontaminating air filter[ 71 ].…”

Section: Polyhipe Filter Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations Using Additive Manufacture of Emulsion Inks to Produce Respiratory Protective Filters Against Viral Respiratory Tract Infections Such as the COVID-19 Virus

Sherborne¹,

Claeyssens²

2024

IJB

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This review paper explores the potential of combining emulsion-based inks with additive manufacturing (AM) to produce filters for respiratory protective equipment (RPE) in the fight against viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. The value of these filters has been highlighted by the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 crisis where the importance of protective equipment for health care workers cannot be overstated. Three-dimensional (3D) printing of emulsions is an emerging technology built on a well-established field of emulsion templating to produce porous materials such as polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs). PolyHIPE-based porous polymers have tailorable porosity from the submicron to 100 s of μm. Advances in 3D printing technology enables the control of the bulk shape while a micron porosity is controlled independently by the emulsion-based ink. Herein, we present an overview of the current polyHIPE-based filter applications. Then, we discuss the current use of emulsion templating combined with stereolithography and extrusion-based AM technologies. The benefits and limitation of various AM techniques are discussed, as well as considerations for a scalable manufacture of a polyHIPE-based RPE.

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Rapid Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulant with Thermally Activated Porous Polymer Foams

Cited by 20 publications

References 29 publications

Emulsion Templating: Porous Polymers and Beyond

Emulsion Templating: Porous Polymers and Beyond

Battling Chemical Weapons with Zirconium Hydroxide Nanoparticle Sorbent: Impact of Environmental Contaminants on Sarin Sequestration and Decomposition

Considerations Using Additive Manufacture of Emulsion Inks to Produce Respiratory Protective Filters Against Viral Respiratory Tract Infections Such as the COVID-19 Virus

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