Rapid Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents from the Skin

Clarkson, Edward D.; Gordon, Richard K.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800159-2.00076-2

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Chemical dermal decontamination is the removal and/or neutralization of chemical contaminants from skin (Clarkson & Gordon, 2020). Contamination occurs by occupational exposure to chemicals, such as pesticides; chemical warfare agents, such as vesicating agents used in World War I and the Iran–Iraq conflict, and nerve agents used by the Syrian military in 2013; and by targeted chemical attacks, such as the assassination of Kim Jong‐Nam and the assassination attempt targeting Sergei Skripal and his daughter with nerve agents (Clarkson & Gordon, 2020; Etemad et al, 2018). Contamination may result in acute injury such as burns or mortality and long‐term sequalae, such as delayed ocular, respiratory, and cutaneous effects from sulphur mustard (Etemad et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many proposed decontamination solutions for different chemical agents exist. These include water solutions, sodium hypochlorite, powder decontamination material (M291 SDK), Sandia foam, Diphoterine®, Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion® (RSDL), Polyurethane sponge, and immobilized enzyme badges (Clarkson & Gordon, 2020). Models to evaluate efficacy of decontamination solutions have relied largely on animal models and in vitro experiments (Brent, 2013; Clarkson & Gordon, 2020); however, these studies may not always reflect what occurs in human clinical circumstances (Brent, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include water solutions, sodium hypochlorite, powder decontamination material (M291 SDK), Sandia foam, Diphoterine®, Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion® (RSDL), Polyurethane sponge, and immobilized enzyme badges (Clarkson & Gordon, 2020). Models to evaluate efficacy of decontamination solutions have relied largely on animal models and in vitro experiments (Brent, 2013; Clarkson & Gordon, 2020); however, these studies may not always reflect what occurs in human clinical circumstances (Brent, 2013). Historically, it has been assumed that soap and water, the most commonly used decontamination solution, will remove a variety of dermal chemical contaminants; however, recently, it has been suggested that decontamination may be incomplete and washing may sometimes increase percutaneous penetration (Wester & Maibach, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Efficacy of water skin decontamination in vivo in humans: A systematic review

Kashetsky

Law

Maibach

2021

J of Applied Toxicology

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With the constant possibility of occupational exposures, chemical warfare, and targeted attacks, increased attention has been given to determining effective and timely dermal decontamination strategies. This systematic review summarises experimental studies reporting decontamination with water‐based solutions of dermal chemical contaminants with in vivo human data. Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were comprehensively searched using search terms (“cutaneous” or “skin” or “dermal” or “percutaneous”) and (“decontamination” or “decontaminant” or “skin decontamination”) to include 10 studies, representing 18 chemical contaminants, 199 participants, and 351 decontamination outcomes. Three studies included data from decontamination with water (10.8%, n = 38/351 decontamination outcomes), seven with soap and water (68.4%, n = 240/351 decontamination outcomes), and two with 10% isopropanol distilled water (20.8%, n = 73/351 decontamination outcomes). Results of dermal decontamination using water showed complete decontamination (CD) outcomes in 52.6% (n = 20/38) and partial decontamination (PD) in 47.4% (n = 18/38); using soap and water showed PD outcomes in 92.9% (n = 223/240) and minimal to no effect in 7.1% (n = 17/240); and using 10% isopropanol distilled water achieved PD outcomes in 100.0% (n = 73/73). Available data show that decontamination with water, soap and water, and 10% isopropanol distilled water is incomplete. Much remains to be learned about decontamination of the large variety of chemical contaminants including a range of molecular weights, lipid and water solubilities, melting points, volatility, and hydrogen bonds, as well as clinically relevant anatomic sites. A major void exists in data confirming or denying the completeness of decontamination by measuring absorption and excretion. The development of effective decontamination solutions is of high priority.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Efficacy of water skin decontamination in vivo in humans: A systematic review

Kashetsky

Law

Maibach

2021

J of Applied Toxicology

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“…Chemical dermal decontamination is defined as removal or neutralization of chemical contaminants from skin (Clarkson & Gordon, 2020). Skin contamination can occur from various chemical exposures, including exposures at the workplace or from chemical warfare.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of soap and water‐based skin decontamination using in vitro animal models: A systematic review

Green

Kashetsky

Feschuk

et al. 2021

J of Applied Toxicology

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Water and/or soap and water solutions have historically been used as first-line decontamination strategies for a wide variety of dermal contaminants from workplace exposure, environmental pesticides, and civilian chemical warfare. Although water and/or soap and water solutions are often considered a gold standard of decontamination, many studies have found other decontamination methods to be superior. This systematic review summarizes the available data on in vitro animal models contaminated with a various chemicals and their decontamination with water and/or soap and water solutions using in vitro animal models. A comprehensive literature search was performed using Concordance, Embase, PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to find in vitro animal studies that provided data on dermal decontamination using water and/or soap and water solutions. Five studies were included that analyzed 11 contaminants across two in vitro animal models (rats and pigs). Water alone was used as a decontamination method for 63.6% of the contaminants (n = 7/11) and water and soap solutions for decontamination in 54.6% of contaminants (n = 6/11). Water alone provided incomplete contaminant removal of five of seven contaminants studied; soap and water did not show significant difference in decontamination when compared with other solutions for all four contaminants and was superior to water for both contaminants studied. Water and/or soap and water are used as decontamination strategies for a variety of dermal contamination events, but for many contaminants, they do not provide complete contamination when compared with newer decontamination solutions studied with in vitro animal models.

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“…While many solid sorbent formulations have demonstrated promise for decontamination in controlled liquid phase conditions, a detailed understanding of their working mechanisms in the presence of environmental contaminants, at the battlefield-realistic solid–vapor interface, remains a challenge. Those contaminants include ambient gases, such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide . Further complicating informative studies of decontamination are the evident effect of temperature and the presence of UV light.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimodal Characterization of Materials and Decontamination Processes for Chemical Warfare Protection

Ebrahim

Płonka

Tian

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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This Review summarizes the recent progress made in the field of chemical threat reduction by utilizing new in situ analytical techniques and combinations thereof to study multifunctional materials designed for capture and decomposition of nerve gases and their simulants. The emphasis is on the use of in situ experiments that simulate realistic operating conditions (solid–gas interface, ambient pressures and temperatures, time-resolved measurements) and advanced synchrotron methods, such as in situ X-ray absorption and scattering methods, a combination thereof with other complementary measurements (e.g., XPS, Raman, DRIFTS, NMR), and theoretical modeling. The examples presented in this Review range from studies of the adsorption and decomposition of nerve agents and their simulants on Zr-based metal organic frameworks to Nb and Zr-based polyoxometalates and metal (hydro)oxide materials. The approaches employed in these studies ultimately demonstrate how advanced synchrotron-based in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and diffraction can be exploited to develop an atomic- level understanding of interfacial binding and reaction of chemical warfare agents, which impacts the development of novel filtration media and other protective materials.

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Rapid Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents from the Skin

Cited by 4 publications

References 80 publications

Efficacy of water skin decontamination in vivo in humans: A systematic review

Efficacy of water skin decontamination in vivo in humans: A systematic review

Efficacy of soap and water‐based skin decontamination using in vitro animal models: A systematic review

Multimodal Characterization of Materials and Decontamination Processes for Chemical Warfare Protection

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