“…[14][15][16] Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a promising atomic emission spectrum technique, 17 which has the advantages of simultaneous multielement analysis, small sample loss, remote control, and real-time in situ rapid detection. 18,19 Thanks to the above advantages, LIBS has already been used in environmental monitoring, [20][21][22] archeological, 23,24 food testing, 25,26 medical testing, 27 and other fields up to now. 28 In addition, the combination of LIBS and machine learning (ML) improves the efficiency of detection and identification.…”