Rapid detection and speciation of illicit drugs via a thin-film microextraction approach for wastewater-based epidemiology study

Chen, Xinlv; Li, Shuqin; Jiang, Ruifen; Luan, Tiangang; Ouyang, Gangfeng

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156888

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In recent years, various technologies have been employed for the analysis of illicit drugs in sewage, including nanomaterial-based aptamer sensors [48,49], gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [50,51] and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [52], have been reported to be used for the analysis of illicit drugs in sewage. These methods have the advantages of easy operation, rapidity, and low cost, providing automated, miniaturized, and easily scalable technical means for future sewage epidemiological detection of drug abuse.…”

Section: Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Assessing Illicit Drug Usage and Impact through an Innovative Approach

Yi,

Zeng,

Chen

et al. 2023

Water

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The abuse of illicit drugs, which is usually associated with violent crimes and public health issues, has evolved into a significant problem that the whole of society must address collectively. With the benefits of high productivity, convenience, objectivity, and semi-real time, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool and has been utilized on a global scale for monitoring illicit drug use. In this review, we briefly introduce the development and application of WBE. Then, the stability of biomarkers is summarized, and methods to improve stability are introduced. We highlight recent advances in analytical techniques, from three aspects of chromatography–mass spectrometry, optical methods, and electrochemical strategies. The research progress of illicit drug abuse assessment based on WBE is summarized. Finally, we summarize the research hotspots and challenges on illicit drug abuse assessment based on WBE.

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Section: Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Assessing Illicit Drug Usage and Impact through an Innovative Approach

Yi,

Zeng,

Chen

et al. 2023

Water

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“…Wastewater samples are chemically complex mixtures with analytes present at very low concentrations (on the order of nanograms per liter), so the analysis requires the application of effective sample preparation methods to remove interferents and preconcentrate the target analytes, in order to provide greater sensitivity in the analytical determination of IDBs [ 29 , 47 ]. SPE is the predominant sample preparation technique used in WBE research [ 5 , 48 ]. Most studies have employed offline SPE [ 1 , 6 , 9 , 11 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 37 ], where sample preparation and chromatographic analysis are performed separately [ 26 ].…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chen et al [ 48 ] investigated the use of thin-film microextraction (TFME) with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) loaded with divinylbenzene (DVB) particles, which provided rapid extraction of IDBs using low volumes of sample and solvent, although the TFME efficiency was strongly influenced by pH, with low performance in an acidic medium. In another study, Zhang et al [ 29 ] synthesized magnetic polystyrene-divinylbenzene-glycidylmethacrylate microspheres modified with nano-petal-shaped covalent organic frameworks (NP-COF@Mag-PS/DVB/GMA), applied as sorbent for magnetic dispersive SPE of 12 IDBs in wastewater samples.…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends and challenges in analytical chemistry for multi-analysis of illicit drugs employing wastewater-based epidemiology

2023

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Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for quantification of illicit drug biomarkers (IDBs) in wastewater samples is an effective tool that can provide information about drug consumption. The most commonly quantified IDBs belong to different chemical classes, including cocaine, amphetamine-type stimulants, opioids, and cannabinoids, so the different chemical properties of these molecules pose a challenge in the development of analytical methods for multi-analyte analysis. Recent workflows include the steps of sampling and storage, sample preparation using solid-phase extraction (SPE) or without extraction, and quantification of analytes employing gas or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The greatest difficulty is due to the fact that wastewater samples are complex chemical mixtures containing analytes with different chemical properties, often present at low concentrations. Therefore, in the development of analytical methods, there is the need to simplify and optimize the analytical workflows, reducing associated uncertainties, analysis times, and costs. The present work provides a critical bibliographic survey of studies published from the year 2020 until now, highlighting the challenges and trends of published analytical workflows for the multi-analysis of IDBs in wastewater samples, considering sampling and sample preparation, method validation, and analytical techniques. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00216-023-04644-4.

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“…Wastewater-based epidemiology has been consolidated as an efficient approach to provide real-time information and community-scale surveillance of illicit drug use. Consumption can be estimated by determination of the chemical marker relevant to the substance in question, and data have been reported across the continents on commonly used drugs including cocaine, heroin, morphine, and methamphetamine. − As the analytes are at trace level in sewage, sample pre-treatment is of paramount importance to obtain meaningful results. Prior to HPLC-MS/MS analysis, sample preparation techniques such as liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) are widely applied .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Liposomes Infused with GPCR-Expressing Cell Membrane for Targeted Extraction Using Minimum Organic Solvent: An Investigative Study of Trace THC in Sewage

et al. 2023

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Trace analysis of lipophilic substances in complex environmental, food, or biological matrices has proven to be a challenge, on account of their high susceptibility to adsorption by particulate matter and liquid–solid interfaces. For this purpose, liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) is often employed as the separation method, which uses water-immiscible organic solvents. As an alternative, magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) allows for adsorption, separation, and recovery of analytes from large volumes of aqueous samples with minimum usage of organic solvents. However, the poor selectivity hampers its performance in various scenarios, especially in sewage samples where complicated and unpredictable interference exists, resulting in block of the active adsorption sites of the sorbent. To this end, we propose receptor-affinity MSPE employing magnetic liposomes decorated with cell membranes expressing G-protein-coupled receptor as the sorbents. Application of the novel sorbent CM@Lip@Fe infused with CB1 cannabinoid receptors was demonstrated for the targeted extraction and enrichment of tetrahydrocannabinol from sewage matrix. Thanks to the high affinity and molecular selectivity of the ligand-receptor interactions, a limit of quantitation of 5.17 ng/L was achieved coupled with HPLC-MS/MS in unfiltered raw sewage, featuring minimum usage of organic solvents, fivefold enhanced sensitivity, low sorbent dosage (75 mg/L of sewage), and high efficiency as major advantages over conventional LLE. This work establishes a framework for efficient separation of specific molecules from complex media, thus promising to extend and refine standard LLE as the clean-up procedure for trace analysis.

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Rapid detection and speciation of illicit drugs via a thin-film microextraction approach for wastewater-based epidemiology study

Cited by 12 publications

References 45 publications

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Assessing Illicit Drug Usage and Impact through an Innovative Approach

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Assessing Illicit Drug Usage and Impact through an Innovative Approach

Trends and challenges in analytical chemistry for multi-analysis of illicit drugs employing wastewater-based epidemiology

Magnetic Liposomes Infused with GPCR-Expressing Cell Membrane for Targeted Extraction Using Minimum Organic Solvent: An Investigative Study of Trace THC in Sewage

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