Rapid detection of hand, foot and mouth disease enterovirus genotypes by multiplex PCR

Wang, Min; Ren, Qiangqiang; Zhang, Zhenjie; Zhang, Lehai; Carr, Michael J.; Li, Juan; Zhou, Hong; Shi, Weifeng

doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.05.005

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In view of the fact that CVA6 and CVA10 had a rapidly increasing prevalence in recent years (Fig. 1), a pan-enterovirus detection kit with universal primer sets has recently been developed (Shen et al 2018;Wang M et al 2018). Our results support its deployment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

National Epidemiology and Evolutionary History of Four Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease-Related Enteroviruses in China from 2008 to 2016

Wan

et al. 2019

Virol. Sin.

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Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a major public health concern in China. The most predominant enteroviruses that cause HFMD have traditionally been attributed to enterovirus A71 (EVA71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16). Since its first large outbreak in 2008, the dominant HFMD pathogens are constantly changing. In 2013 and 2015, CVA6 exceeded both EVA71 and CVA16 to become the leading cause of HFMD in some provinces. However, there still lacks a comprehensive overview on the molecular epidemiology and evolution of HFMD-related enteroviruses at the national level. In this study, we performed systematic epidemiological analyses of HFMD-related enteroviruses using the data of 64 published papers that met the inclusion criteria, and conducted phylogenetic analyses based on 12,080 partial VP1 sequences identified in China before 31st June 2018. We found that EVA71 prevalence has decreased sharply but other enteroviruses have increased rapidly from 2008 to 2016 and that one subtype of each enterovirus is represented during the epidemic. In addition, four genotypes EVA71_C4, CVA16_B1, CVA6_D and CVA10_C are the most predominant enterovirus strains and collectively they cause over 90% of all HFMD cases in China according to the phylogenetic trees using representative partial VP1 sequences. These four major enterovirus genotypes have different geographical distributions, and they may cocirculate with other genotypes and serotypes. These results suggest that more molecular epidemiological studies should be performed on several enteroviruses simultaneously, and such information should have implications for virological surveillance, disease management, vaccine development and policy-making on the prevention and control of HFMD.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

National Epidemiology and Evolutionary History of Four Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease-Related Enteroviruses in China from 2008 to 2016

Wan

et al. 2019

Virol. Sin.

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“…Similarly, Coxsackie viruses infections can be associated with chorioretinitis as reported in just a few cases in the literature [1]. Diagnosing Coxsackie virus infection mainly relies on pathognomic clinical findings and can be supported by laboratory tests such as PCR [10]. Although our patient underwent no anterior-chamber or vitreous-fluid aspiration to detect the Coxsackie virus via PCR or cell culture, our patient’s clinical and funduscopic features are in line with previous case reports [1, 5, 9] and make the diagnosis of an HMFD-associated maculopathy very likely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute unilateral maculopathy associated with adult onset of hand, foot and mouth disease: a case report

Reich

Cakir

Cvetkoski³

et al. 2019

BMC Ophthalmol

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Background To report the case of a 31-year-old patient with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) and concurrent acute monocular maculopathy, and to describe multimodal imaging findings never before described including optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). Case presentation Nine days after the onset of clinically highly probable but not laboratory-verified HFMD, a 31-year old male noticed a central scotoma, distorted lines and loss of visual acuity (Snellen visual acuity 20/400) in his right eye. Funduscopy revealed focal alterations in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and yellow retinal dots corresponding to focal dots of decreased fundus autofluorescence (FAF) surrounded by increased FAF. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) demonstrated irregularities in the ellipsoide zone, hyperreflective dots above the RPE and RPE thickening. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FAG) revealed central hypofluorescence in the macular area in the early phase, as well as increasing focal hyperfluorescence in the late phase corresponding with RPE defects observed in FAF. Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) showed central hypofluorescence in the early and late phase, corresponding with areas of reduced flow in the choroidea and choriocapillaris as apparent in OCT-A. Visual acuity improved within 3 months without any systemic or local therapy. At his three-month follow-up, SD-OCT revealed subtle subretinal fluid that resolved spontaneously over time. No signs of choroidal neovascularization were observed. Twelve months following the onset of symptoms Snellen visual acuity was 400/400. Multimodal imaging revealed subtly changed, decreased FAF while the choroidal architecture recovered completely as demonstrated by OCT-A. Conclusions HFMD-associated maculopahty is an uncommon but important differential diagnosis of chorioretinitis with macular involvement. The prognosis can be good and the initially observed morphological pathologies such as impaired perfusion of the choroidal vessels can recover spontaneously over a period lasting 12 months. OCT-A can be employed as a non-invasive tool to detect the reduced perfusion of the choroidal vessels and for monitoring the disease course.

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“…EVs have traditionally been serotyped by assessment of neutralizing antibody responses in cultured cells; however, since 2000, DNA sequence-based genotyping approaches have become standard practice, with a “type” rather than a serotype name, e.g., Echovirus type 30 rather than Echovirus serotype 30. In recent years, the genetic typing of specimens has grown due to the more rapid and simpler PCR testing for EV detection [15,16], while use of cultured cells are also increasingly being supplanted by molecular approaches due to their low isolation rates. For the identification of the viral type by nucleotide sequence analysis, the VP4-VP2 partial region of the capsid region and the analysis by amplifying the VP1 partial region (CODEHOP RT-semi-nested PCR) are widely used.…”

Section: Enterovirus Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterovirus-Associated Hand-Foot and Mouth Disease and Neurological Complications in Japan and the Rest of the World

González

Carr

Kobayashi

et al. 2019

IJMS

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Enteroviruses (EVs) are responsible for extremely large-scale, periodic epidemics in pediatric cohorts, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. Clinical presentation includes a diverse disease spectrum, including hand-foot and mouth disease (HFMD), aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and acute flaccid myelitis. HFMD is predominantly attributable to EV-A types, including the major pathogen EV-A71, and coxsackieviruses, particularly CV-A6, CV-A16, and CV-A10. There have been multiple EV-A71 outbreaks associated with a profound burden of neurological disease and fatal outcomes in Asia since the early 1980s. Efficacious vaccines against EV-A71 have been developed in China but widespread pediatric vaccination programs have not been introduced in other countries. Encephalitis, as a consequence of complications arising from HFMD infection, leads to damage to the thalamus and medulla oblongata. Studies in Vietnam suggest that myoclonus is a significant indicator of central nervous system (CNS) complications in EV-A71-associated HFMD cases. Rapid response in HFMD cases in children is imperative to prevent the progression to a CNS infection; however, prophylactic and therapeutic agents have not been well established internationally, therefore surveillance and functional studies including development of antivirals and multivalent vaccines is critically important to reduce disease burden in pediatric populations.

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Rapid detection of hand, foot and mouth disease enterovirus genotypes by multiplex PCR

Cited by 17 publications

References 17 publications

National Epidemiology and Evolutionary History of Four Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease-Related Enteroviruses in China from 2008 to 2016

National Epidemiology and Evolutionary History of Four Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease-Related Enteroviruses in China from 2008 to 2016

Acute unilateral maculopathy associated with adult onset of hand, foot and mouth disease: a case report

Enterovirus-Associated Hand-Foot and Mouth Disease and Neurological Complications in Japan and the Rest of the World

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