Aerosols generated by bubble bursting have been proved
to promote
the extraction of analytes and have ultrahigh electric fields at their
water–air interfaces. This study presented a simple and efficient
ionization method, carbon dioxide microbubble bursting ionization
(CDMBI), without the presence of an exogenous electric field (namely,
zero voltage), by simulating the interfacial chemistries of sea spray
aerosols. In CDMBI, microbubbles are generated in situ by continuous input of carbon dioxide into an aqueous solution containing
low-concentration analytes. The microbubbles extract low- and high-polarity
analytes as they pass through the aqueous solution. Upon reaching
the water–air interface, these microbubbles burst to produce
charged aerosol microdroplets with an average diameter of 260 μm
(8.1–10.4 nL in volume), which are immediately transferred
to a mass spectrometer for the detection and identification of extracted
analytes. The above analytical process occurs every 4.2 s with a stable
total ion chromatogram (relative standard deviation: 9.4%) recorded.
CDMBI mass spectrometry (CDMBI-MS) can detect surface-active organic
compounds in aerosol microdroplets, such as perfluorooctanoic acid,
free fatty acids epoxidized by bubble bursting, sterols, and lecithins
in soybean and egg, with the limit of detection reaching the level
of fg/mL. In addition, coupling CDMBI-MS with an exogenous voltage
yields relatively weak gains in ionization efficiency and sensitivity
of analysis. The results suggested that CDMBI can simultaneously accomplish
both bubbling extraction and microbubble bursting ionization. The
mechanism of CDMBI involves bubbling extraction, proton transfer,
inlet ionization, and electrospray-like ionization. Overall, CDMBI-MS
can work in both positive and negative ion modes without necessarily
needing an exogenous high electric field for ionization and quickly
detect trace surface-active analytes in aqueous solutions.