Rapid determination of adulteration of clove essential oil with benzyl alcohol and ethyl acetate: Towards quality control analysis by FTIR with chemometrics

Tarhan, İsmail; Bakır, Muhammed Raşit; Kalkan, Oktay; Yöntem, Mustafa; Kara, Hüseyin

doi:10.1016/j.vibspec.2022.103339

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This preliminary study illustrates that the spectrum obtained from the pre-processing results shows a good separation compared to the original spectrum. If the ATR-FTIR spectrum can have a low signal/noise ratio, the derivative process has the potential to increase spectral noise. ,, …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extensive testing was conducted on both wavenumbers, yielding highly satisfactory and efficient results across two distinct areas: 4000−500 cm −1 and 1800−600 cm −1 . From PC-4 onward, all have eigen values below 1. ,, …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The three wavenumber variables mentioned above have a very close distance to the GBO and PGBO scores. While the majority of spots are on the right side of the Y-axis, this indicates that the dominant wavenumber variable characterizes the vibration of the molecules contributed by compounds commonly found in essential oils. ,,, …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From this model, an individual model was built to classify adulteration materials. The sample is divided into two parts: calibration set and validation set. ,,,, A total of four samples consisting of five CRM samples, 20 PO samples, 10 GBO samples, and 20 PO samples were forged with GBO with a mixing ratio of 0.5–10% (v/v) with an interval of 0.5% (v/v). All samples were subjected to chemical examination with an FTIR spectrometer. ,, …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From PC-4 onward, all have eigen values below 1. 44,55,56 Based on some information generated from the PCA analysis (Figure 4A), PCA discrimination can already be used as an initial indicator to detect the presence of PO forgery by GBO adulteration materials. The entire PGBO sample is significantly separated from the PO and CRM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis Classification for Patchouli Oil Adulteration Detection by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Combination with Chemometrics

et al. 2023

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This study aims to test chemometrically partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) classification models to detect the adulteration of patchouli oil (PO) with gurjun balsam oil (GBO) by utilization of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Unsupervised analysis was tested using the pattern recognition method using the principal component analysis model against the original spectrum at wavenumbers 4000–500 cm–1 and at the fingerprint area (1800–600 cm–1). Model testing was also carried out on the spectrum that had been pre-processed using the standard normal variate, second derivative Savitzky–Golay, and normalization approaches. Variable Y samples used were certified reference material (CRM), PO, GBO, and PO forged with GBO (PGBO) with a counterfeiting ratio of 0.5 (v/v) to 10% (v/v) with an interval of 0.5%. The same treatment was carried out on testing of the PLS-DA model. In pattern recognition tests, the best separation of the original spectrum was obtained at wavenumbers 1800–600 cm–1. The model was further tested on PLS-DA by making assumptions or codes for CRM, PO, GBO, and PGBO as +2, +1, 0, and −1, respectively. The results of the model analysis showed that even at the lowest counterfeiting ratio (0.5%), the presence of counterfeiting material was detected by the PLS-DA model. The RMSEC value is close to zero with a value of 0.22, and the R square is close to 1, which is 0.954. This very significant separation is clearly illustrated in the loading plot and bi-plot due to the contribution of chemical compounds in the GBO that undergo vibration at wavenumbers 603, 786, and 1386 cm–1. Validation of the PLS-DA model was carried out strongly using the PLS model, and it showed that the difference between the calibration concentration and the prediction was very low (average 0.45) with an accuracy percent above 99%. The efficacy of the model is further substantiated by the consistent and precise values of sensitivity and selectivity, obtained from both the training set and test set.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis Classification for Patchouli Oil Adulteration Detection by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Combination with Chemometrics

et al. 2023

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Multivariate Optimization for the Production of OSA‐Starch Microcapsules Containing Clove and White Thyme Essential Oils: Antifungal Potential Against Penicillium digitatum

de Souza,

dos Santos,

Kringel

et al. 2024

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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The objective of this study was to optimize the conditions for the production of microcapsules based on OSA‐starch and clove (CEO) and white thyme (WTEO) essential oils (EOs) obtained by electrospraying. The antifungal activity against the fungus Penicillium digitatum was assessed using both the well diffusion method and volatile release action. The microcapsules were characterized by morphology, loading capacity (LC) presence of functional groups (FTIR), and thermal properties (TGA). Spherical microcapsules were formed in all treatments evaluated, with an average diameter ranging from 0.803 to 1.500 μm. The morphology of the materials was not affected by the variation of the solution parameters (ethanol: 20% and 30%, OSA‐starch: 40% and 50%, CEO and WTEO, and EO concentration: 0.2% and 0.4%). The LC ranged from 30.6% to 97.9%, and TGA and FTIR analyses for all treatments confirmed the interaction of EOs with OSA‐starch. Microcapsules from OSA‐starch with CEO showed greater efficiency in reducing the mycelial growth of P. digitatum through the release of volatiles. These results serve as a basis for future studies to evaluate the technological applicability of these capsules in a food matrix or packaging material for controlling the fungal growth of P. digitatum.

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Adulteration of Clove Essential Oil: Detection Using an Electronic Nose with Polymeric Gas Sensors

Graboski,

Feltes,

Zakrzevski

et al. 2023

Food Anal. Methods

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Food adulteration is a global concern that affects almost all of the food industry. The market for clove essential oil (CEO) has also been affected by corrupt practices. As an alternative to monitoring the quality of this product, an electronic nose (e-nose) based on an array of polymeric nanocomposite gas sensors modi ed with different sensitive layers was applied to detect vaseline (petroleum jelly), the most common adulterant found in the CEO. Different proportions of vaseline (ranging from 3 to 100% (v/v)) were mixed with CEO samples, and the ngerprints of volatile compounds were obtained using the e-nose and fourier transform infrared-attenuated total re ectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. Collected data were analyzed using clustering analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and interactive document map (IDMAP) multivariate projection techniques. These were capable of discriminating between the different percentages of adulterants. The results of this study demonstrated that chemometric tools can be successfully used as e-nose and applied to detect mislabeling and adulteration of CEO, where PCA, LDA, and IDMAP showed accuracies of 99.85, 98.30, and 99.81%, respectively. The e-nose results were consistent with the ndings from density and refractive index experiments. Thus, the results obtained demonstrate that the e-nose is a promising tool for analyzing CEO adulterations, proving its potential application in the food industry due to its rapid, economical, and high-performance tool.

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Rapid determination of adulteration of clove essential oil with benzyl alcohol and ethyl acetate: Towards quality control analysis by FTIR with chemometrics

Cited by 19 publications

References 36 publications

Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis Classification for Patchouli Oil Adulteration Detection by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Combination with Chemometrics

Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis Classification for Patchouli Oil Adulteration Detection by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Combination with Chemometrics

Multivariate Optimization for the Production of OSA‐Starch Microcapsules Containing Clove and White Thyme Essential Oils: Antifungal Potential Against Penicillium digitatum

Adulteration of Clove Essential Oil: Detection Using an Electronic Nose with Polymeric Gas Sensors

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