Rapid Determination of Benzene Metabolites Phenol and p-Cresol in the Urine of Petrol Station Workers by Gas Chromatography

Khoschsorur, G.; Petek, W.

doi:10.2116/analsci.16.589

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Phenol ranks among the 40 most produced chemicals in the United States [6]. Phenol in water generally is toxic to animals, even at fairly low concentration levels [7], and it exhibits properties that are hazardous to human health [8]. Besides its toxicity, it possesses a rather high chemical oxygen demand, thus draining oxygen from water bodies [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake, removal, accumulation, and phytotoxicity of phenol in willow trees (Salix viminalis)

Ucisik

Trapp

2006

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Phenol is an intermediate in the metabolism of plants, but it also is a high-volume production compound frequently found in the environment. The relation between removal, uptake, accumulation, and toxicity of phenol in willow trees (Salix viminalis) was determined. Willows were exposed to phenol levels up to 1000 mg/L in hydroponic solution and sand, respectively. The change on water transpiration of the trees was used to determine toxic effects. In both hydroponic solution and sand, only small inhibition of transpiration was detected up to phenol concentrations of 250 mg/L. For concentrations of 500 mg/L or greater, transpiration fell to 50% or less, and the trees wilted. The trees exposed to 1000 mg/L wilted and eventually died. For initial nominal concentrations of 1000 mg/L, a significantly higher amount of phenol remained at the end of the experiment compared to the amount remaining with all other concentrations. Phenol loss was approximately 90% for the trees that survived, except for trees exposed to the lowest concentration (10 mg/L). The loss of phenol was only 15 to 18% in experiments performed without trees. The results demonstrate a clear relation between removal, accumulation, and toxic effects of phenol in trees. Phenol levels of less than 250 mg/L could be degraded by "in planta" metabolism; therefore, no significant buildup of phenol nor any toxic effects in plants occurred. With higher levels, phenol was still degraded quickly, but an accumulation in trees accompanied by severe toxic effects occurred. Phytoremediation of phenol would be best with concentrations in water or soil solution of less than 250 mg/L, at which the degradation of phenol by willows or associated bacteria is rapid and efficient and the toxic effects on trees are negligible.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake, removal, accumulation, and phytotoxicity of phenol in willow trees (Salix viminalis)

Ucisik

Trapp

2006

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Concentrations of 5.0-7.8 ng / ml benzene are generally detected in human blood and urine following workplace exposure to benzene within acceptable limits less than 2 ppm 21,22 . In contrast, reported post-mortem concentrations in blood and urine after benzene poisoning are 0.9-31.2 mg / ml for benzene [23][24][25] and 0.78-35.2 µg / ml for phenol 4,26 . Thus, the detection limits by our method are sufficiently Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Determination of Benzene and Phenol in Body Fluids by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME. and Capillary Gas Chromatography

:筆頭著者

Xiao-Pen:責任著者

Fujishiro

et al. 2016

Showa Univ J Med Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

: Benzene and its metabolite phenol are extractable from human whole blood and urine using headspace solid-phase microextraction SPME with a Carboxen / polydimethylsiloxane fiber. Both compounds were assayed using ethylbenzene and 2,4-dimethylphenol as internal standards IS and capillary gas chromatography GC with flame ionization detection. The headspace SPME-GC gave sharp peaks for benzene, phenol, and IS-1, 2 ; with the whole blood and urine samples showing low background noise. The extraction ef ciencies of benzene and phenol were 51.8-99.4 and 10.6-14.3 , respectively, for both whole blood and urine. Regression equations also showed excellent linearity in the range of 5-400 ng / 0.5 ml for benzene and 10-500 ng / 0.5 ml for phenol extracted from whole blood and urine. The detection limits signal-to-noise ratio 3 for the benzene and phenol were 5-10 ng / 0.5 ml for whole blood and 2-5 ng / 0.5 ml for urine. The coef cients of within-day variation in terms of extraction ef ciency for both compounds in whole blood and urine samples were not greater than 13.8 . These data indicate that benzene and phenol can be successfully separated and determined from human samples using the established headspace SPME method.

show abstract

“…The differences in these two scenarios are related to the exposure duration (8 to 9 h for workers vs. 30 minute for clients), standard exposure volume (0.5 This study showed that the mean concentration of ambient benzene was higher than TLV and in some measuring points were up to 5.103 ppm, which is around 10 times OEL Iranian standard (0.5 ppm). 21 Rezazadeh in his study on occupational exposure of petroleum depot workers to BTEX compounds found that benzene was the most important chemical of BTEX compounds and 17% of fuel depot operational workers-mainly gasoline filling operators-were exposed to a benzene level higher than the OEL Iranian standard. 22 Rad et al studied ambient concentrations of BTEX by means of active sampling at 12 sampling points in Ahvaz city from July to September 2012 and January to March 2013.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to chemical hazards in petrol pumps stations in Ahvaz City, Iran

Sayyahi

Mirzaei

Mirkazemi³

2016

Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The objective of this study was to assess the level of exposure to BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) in petrol pump stations in Ahvaz City. Two of the biggest fuelling stations were selected randomly among total 12 fuel stations of Ahvaz City, Iran, during September 2013. Thirty air samples were taken from different positions in the fuelling stations and 15 samples were taken from the personal breathing zone of operators and of customers in fuelling stations. Measuring the ambient concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes was done according to the method advised by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 1501. This study showed that the concentration of benzene was very high (compared with the Iranian occupational exposure limit [OEL] standard) in ambient air of petrol stations in Ahvaz, which is considered as a high risk to the health of workers. Controlling the level of benzene in petrol stations is necessary. A new designed petrol nozzle was proposed for this purpose.

show abstract

Rapid Determination of Benzene Metabolites Phenol and p-Cresol in the Urine of Petrol Station Workers by Gas Chromatography

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

Uptake, removal, accumulation, and phytotoxicity of phenol in willow trees (Salix viminalis)

Uptake, removal, accumulation, and phytotoxicity of phenol in willow trees (Salix viminalis)

Determination of Benzene and Phenol in Body Fluids by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME. and Capillary Gas Chromatography

Exposure to chemical hazards in petrol pumps stations in Ahvaz City, Iran

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About