Rapid Determination of Volatile Constituents in Safflower by Microwave Distillation and Simultaneous Solid‐Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

In this paper, microwave distillation and solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MD-SPME/GC-MS) was developed for the analysis of essential components in safflower. Using the MD-SPME technique, the isolation, extraction and concentration of volatile compounds in safflower were carried out in only one step. Some parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as SPME fiber coating, microwave power, irradiation time and the volume of water added were optimized. The optimal experiment parameters obtained were: 65 microm CW/DVB SPME fiber, a microwave power of 400 W, an irradiation time of 3 min and water volume of 1 mL. The proposed method has been compared with conventional steam distillation (SD) for extraction of essential oil compounds in safflower. Using MD-SPME followed by GC-MS, 32 compounds in safflower were separated and identified, which mainly included paeonol, alpha-asarone, beta-asarone, 1-methyl-4-(2-propenyl)-benzene and diethenyl-benzene, whereas only 18 compounds were separated and identified by conventional SD followed by GC-MS. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) values of less than 10% show that the proposed method has good reproducibility. The results show that MD-SPME/GC-MS is a simple, rapid, effective method for the analysis of volatile oil components in safflower.

Physico‐chemical, Sensory and Aromatic Properties of Cold Press Produced Safflower Oil

“…Unfortunately there is no study in the literature about the volatile composition of safflower oils to compare with this study. However, in two of the studies Table 4 The fatty acid (%), sterol (mg/kg) and tocopherol (mg/kg) composition of the cold press extracted safflower oils (mean ± SD) [11,12] volatiles of not safflower oil but safflower seeds were quantified. In one study, microwave distillation and solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 32 volatile compounds were separated and identified from safflowers.…”

“…In one study, microwave distillation and solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 32 volatile compounds were separated and identified from safflowers. The most abundant compounds were paeonol, a-asarone, b-asarone, 1-methyl-4-(2-propenyl)-benzene and diethenyl-benzene [11]. When compared to the volatiles presented in Table 5, benzene acetaldehyde, naphthalene, 3-dodecen-1-al, 5-pentyl2(5H)-furanone, 2-cyclohexen-1-one, methyl eugenol, dodecanal, caryophyllene, geranyl acetone, tetradecanal, tridecanoic acid and 17-octadecenal are the similar compounds identified in both studies.…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, there is no information about the volatile composition of cold pressed safflower oil. In two earlier studies [11,12] volatiles of not safflower oil but safflower seeds were quantified. The volatiles were extracted by microwave distillation or by solvents extraction and analyzed by GC/MS techniques.…”

Effect of salt stress on growth, fatty acids and essential oils in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

“…Previous phytochemical studies were focused on particular components such as fatty acids (Gecgel et al 2007), phytosterol and tocopherols (Nogala-Kalucka et al 2010), mineral elements (Gadallah 1996), pigments (Gao et al 2000), flavonoids (Lee et al 2002), anthocyans (Novruzov and Shamsizade 1998) and volatile oils (Yu et al 2007). The content of the aforementioned chemicals can vary considerably depending on plant cultivars and environmental conditions such as temperature, drought, salinity, soil properties, etc.…”