Rapid electrodeposition of Cu nanoparticle film on Ni foam as an integrated 3D free-standing electrode for non-invasive and non-enzymatic creatinine sensing

Abstract

A non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor prepared using a Cu NP film/NF electrode was used to detect creatinine levels in human urine. The sensor is highly reproducible and cost-effective, as well as reliably stable for long-term storage.