Stimulation of cultured plant cells with elicitors of the defense response leads to the rapid destruction of a variety of watersoluble compounds including indoleacetic acid and certain fluorescent dyes. This destructive activity, which is often vigorously manifested within 5 minutes of elicitor addition, is shown to derive from the rapid production of H202 and its use by extracellular peroxidases. Because of its speed of appearance, this oxidafive burst may qualify as the first induced line of defense against invading pathogens. Since H202 has been implicated as a second messenger of hormone-stimulated metabolic changes in some animal cells, its possible role in transduction of the defense signal in plants was also examined. Not only did exogenous H202 alone stimulate phytoalexin production in the plant cell suspension, but inhibition of elicitor-stimulated phytoalexin production was observed upon addition of catalase and other inhibitors of the oxidative burst. Furthermore, for inhibition to occur, the presence of catalase was required during elicitor addition, since if introduction of the enzyme was delayed until 1 hour after addition of the elicitor, no inhibition resulted. These results suggest that H202 also plays an important role in inducing subsequent defense responses such as phytoalexin production.