Rapid evidence assessment of the impacts of sewerage, drainage, and chlorination in urban settings of low-and middle-income countries

Abstract

<p>Aims: Rapidly synthesize the available evidence regarding the expected impacts of piped water chlorination, drainage, and sewerage on individuals living in low- and middle-income urban settings. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in bibliographic databases and library catalogues. Impact evaluations that included a comparator and one of the three interventions of interest, attempted to control for confounding and selection bias, and took place in urban settings in a low- or middle-income country were considered. Outcomes related to health, well-being, economic growth, and the bacterial content of water were considered.Results: 1483 articles were identified, with 18 included after final screening. Most studies were case-control and took place in Brazil, the Pacific Islands, or south-western Asia. Fifteen studies considered sewerage, five considered chlorination, and two studies considered drainage with some studies considering multiple interventions. All primary outcomes were related to health. When implemented alone, the sewerage and chlorination interventions were largely successful. Conclusions: The evidence regarding the effects of chlorination, drainage, and sewerage interventions is limited and generally has a high risk of bias. When properly implemented, sewerage and chlorination are likely to have positive health impacts. However, when implemented poorly, all three interventions can have negative health impacts.</p>