Rapid Frequency Response From Smart Loads in Great Britain Power System

Abstract

Flexibility in certain types of loads could be exploited to provide fast and controllable power reserve if the supply voltage/frequency is controlled using existing power electronic interfaces (e.g., motor drives) or additional ones like recently proposed electric springs. Such a load together with its power electronic interface forms a so called smart load. Effectiveness of static smart loads for primary frequency response provision has been shown in the previous papers through case studies on a segment of the low voltage/medium voltage (LV/MV) distribution network. In this paper, collective contribution of both static and motor type smart loads to rapid frequency response provision is demonstrated through a case study on the Great Britain (GB) transmission system. The active power reserve available from such smart loads are quantified and aggregated at each node at the transmission level (275/400 kV). The study shows that the smart loads collectively offer a short-term power reserve which is comparable to the spinning reserve in the GB system, and thus can ensure acceptable frequency deviation and its rate of change following a large infeed loss.

Review of Tidal Lagoon Technology and Opportunities for Integration within the UK Energy System

“…In the UK, the transmission system operator keeps a number of power stations (mainly gas-fired) running at less than their full capacity, thus providing about 1 GW of spinning reserve: this capacity can automatically respond to any shortfall in generation within seconds [66].…”

Achieving Multiple Functions of Three-Phase Electric Springs in Unbalanced Three-Phase Power Systems Using the Instantaneous Power Theory

“…With a response time in the order of milliseconds, electric spring (ES) has recently been introduced as a fast and effective DSM technology to solve various power quality issues including voltage regulation [13], [14], frequency stabilization [15], and power quality improvement [16]. 3-ph ES system and its control are reported in [17].…”

Use of Smart Loads for Power Quality Improvement

“…It was implemented to reduce 71 the power imbalance in a three-phase four-wire power system 72 and also retains the useful function of ES-1 for voltage 73 stabilization. Since the first paper in ES appeared in 2012 [12], 74 active research on this topic has been conducted in the 75 U.K. [15]- [17], Denmark [18], [19], China [20], Singapore 76 [21], [22], Middle East [23], [24], and India [25], [26].…”

“…The above assumption of noncritical load as pure resistive 247 load is not a necessary condition in implementing an ES 248 system [15]- [17]. Here, (1) is rewritten as (8) to evaluate the 249 impact of noncritical loads on the operation of the ES…”

“…It was implemented to reduce 71 the power imbalance in a three-phase four-wire power system 72 and also retains the useful function of ES-1 for voltage 73 stabilization. Since the first paper in ES appeared in 2012 [12], 74 active research on this topic has been conducted in the 75 U.K. [15]- [17] Fig. 2(a) and (b), pure capacitive and inductive modes can be 131 accomplished by setting V es to be perpendicular to V nc (V es 132 is 90°leading V nc for inductive mode and 90°lagging V nc 133 for capacitive mode).…”