Rapid in‐focus corrections on quantitative amplitude and phase imaging using transport of intensity equation method

Abstract

Transport of intensity equation (TIE) method can acquire sample phase distributions with high speed and accuracy, offering another perspective for cellular observations and measurements. However, caused by incorrect focal plane determination, blurs and halos are induced, decreasing resolution and accuracy in both retrieved amplitude and phase information. In order to obtain high-accurate sample details, we propose TIE based in-focus correction technique for quantitative amplitude and phase imaging, which can locate focal plane and then retrieve both in-focus intensity and phase distributions combining with numerical wavefront extraction and propagation as well as physical image recorder translation. Certified by both numerical simulations and practical measurements, it is believed the proposed method not only captures high-accurate in-focus sample information, but also provides a potential way for fast autofocusing in microscopic system.

3D microscopy in industrial measurements

“…Computational microscopy, as a subfield of computational imaging, 131 has been widely studied to improve the resolution and contrast of traditional light microscopes by improving their multiangle information acquisition and fusion capabilities. Therefore, diverse forms of computational microscopy techniques have been devised, including digital holographic microscopy, 132 transport of intensity equation, 133 differential phase contrast microscopy, 134 lens‐free on‐chip holography 135 and Fourier ptychographic microscopy 136 . These methods invert the multimodal mathematical characterisation of the light field from the amplitude, phase, polarisation and other data acquired from the microscope, thereby providing remarkable advantages compared with traditional optical microscopy.…”

Autofocusing technologies for whole slide imaging and automated microscopy

“…For coherent imaging applications such as digital holography and ptychography, the phase information can be recovered from the intensity measurements [53][54][55][56] . The recovered complex light field, thus, can be digitally propagated to any plane along the optical axis after the data has been acquired [57][58][59][60][61][62][63] . A certain focus measure can then be used to determine the best focal plane of the object 57, 64-75 .…”

Binocular phase retrieval based on the transport of intensity equation under multiwavelength illumination

“…This technology is widely used in digital holography, diffractive optics, optical measurement, and other fields, as it has no special requirements for experimental devices and does not need unwrapping 2 – 5 Zuo et al.’s 6 research team put forward the generalized TIE, which formed a theoretical basis for an extended version of TIE in the field of microscopy with a partially coherent light field.…”