Rapid increase in resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine-Fansidar in Uganda and the potential of amodiaquine-Fansidar as a better alternative

Herbal medicines used in the treatment of malaria in Budiope county, Uganda

“…The suffering from malaria and its contribution to poverty is likely to continue in the foreseeable future because the disease is resistant to the most affordable, available and safe antimalarial drugs (Kilama, 2005;Sendagire et al, 2005). Out of concern for this resistance, the Ministry of Health of Uganda adopted the Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs) Coartem ® and Lumefentrine as the first line medicine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in 2006 following the recommendation by the World Health Organization (Malaria Control Programme, 2005).…”

“…The most important is that the parasites which cause malaria are resistant to the most widely available, affordable and safest first line treatments such as chloroquine and fansidar (Kilama, 2005;Sendagire et al, 2005). Secondly, the overall control of the mosquitoes which transmits malaria is made difficult by their resistance to a wide range of insecticides.…”

Know your enemy: understanding the role of PfCRT in drug resistance could lead to new antimalarial tactics

“…The relationship between CQ and amodiaquine (AQ) resistance is also not straightforward; AQ remains effective against CQR parasites in many parts of Africa [116][117][118], whereas in South-east Asia, South America, and Papua New Guinea, strains that are moderately resistant to CQ tend to display high levels of AQ resistance [66]. The apparent geographic specificity of AQ resistance may be due to differences between the PfCRT CQR haplotypes found in these locations; it has been suggested that AQ resistance is associated with the 'SVMNT' haplotype of PfCRT CQR that is typically carried by CQR South American strains (over the region spanning residues 72-76; see Table 1), rather than the 'CVIET' haplotype common to CQR strains of Africa and South-east Asia [66,119,120].…”

Traditional antimalarial phytotherapy remedies used by the South Coast community, Kenya

“…The most important is that the parasites which cause malaria are resistant to the most widely available, affordable and safest first line treatments such as chloroquine and fansidar (Kilama, 2005;Sendagire et al, 2005). Secondly, the overall control of the mosquitoes which transmits malaria is made difficult by their resistance to a wide range of insecticides (Tabuti, 2008).…”