Rapid measurement of phytosterols in fortified food using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection

Duong, Samantha; Strobel, Norbert; Buddhadasa, Saman; Stockham, Katherine; Auldist, M.J.; Wales, W. J.; Orbell, John D.; Cran, Marlene

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.104

Cited by 40 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…It was also observed that double the volume of the saponification solution after hydrolysis was required to neutralize the acid and to facilitate the saponification reaction. Further verification with different feed matrixes was required to ensure the saponification incubation time of 30 min was still applicable from previously optimized conditions . Figure demonstrates that 30 min of saponification incubation time was still applicable and no significant gain was obtained for longer incubation periods.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our previous study, a method for the determination of total sterols was reported which was optimized based on existing saponification methods . In the present study, further optimization of the method was undertaken with the focus on the acid hydrolysis of samples before GC analysis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our recent study, an optimized saponification method for the determination of total sterols was reported . In the present paper, an extension of this method is reported for the determination of total phytosterols and their conjugates in dairy cattle feed with a view to assessing major cattle feeds commonly used in Australia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Influence of acid hydrolysis, saponification and sample clean‐up on the measurement of phytosterols in dairy cattle feed using GC–MS and GC with flame ionization detection

Duong

Strobel

Buddhadasa

et al. 2018

J of Separation Science

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The fortification of processed foods including dairy products is increasingly commonplace with phytosterols among many compounds used to improve the nutritional value of food products. It is also increasingly common practice for some dairy cattle feeds to be fortified for their potential to increase phytosterol levels in milk. In this study, a combined, streamlined protocol using acid hydrolysis, saponification and sample clean-up was developed to enable the rapid and reliable measurement of phytosterols. The method was developed with focus on streamlining the overall technique to make it suitable for commercial laboratories, to reduce labor and consumable costs, while maintaining accuracy. A total of 12 different feed types commonly used in the dairy industry were analyzed with the highest and lowest sterol contents found in cotton seed oil and tannin with average phytosterol contents of 256 and <30 mg per 100 g, respectively. With a limit of reporting of 30 mg/kg for individual sterols and a correlation coefficient > 0.99, the method was validated for milk to enable feed comparison studies with respect to the total phytosterol content in raw milk.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of acid hydrolysis, saponification and sample clean‐up on the measurement of phytosterols in dairy cattle feed using GC–MS and GC with flame ionization detection

Duong

Strobel

Buddhadasa

et al. 2018

J of Separation Science

Self Cite

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“…[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] These conventional methods are based on the use of an ethanolic KOH solution under controlled conditions of time and temperature. The KOH concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 2 mol L -1 , while the incubation times ranged from 50 min to 18 h and the temperatures ranged from room temperature to 80 °C.…”

Section: Ultrasound-assisted Saponification (Uas)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22,24,25,38 However, a critical aspect for phytosterol analysis is their thermolabile properties, which can lead to degradation of these compounds at high temperatures when long incubation times are used. 38 Thus, to evaluate the efficiency of the UAS for the extraction of the three target compounds (campesterol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, from passion fruit seed oils), three parameters were investigated, namely, ethanolic KOH concentration (0.5, 1 and 2 mol L -1 ), incubation time (15 and 30 min) and temperature (30, 50 and 70 °C).In Figure 2, the performance of the conventional and UAS saponification methods are summarized. As can be observed, all target compounds were determined using both saponification methods, conventional and UAS.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound-Assisted Saponification Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection for the Determination of Phytosterols from Passion Fruit Seed Oil

Rotta

Silva

Maldaner

et al. 2017

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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An ultrasound-assisted saponification (UAS) method for the determination of phytosterols (campesterol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol) in passion fruit seed oil, followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, was developed and validated. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99 was obtained for all analytes. The recoveries for the proposed approach were between 103 and 107%, the limits of quantification were between 70 and 180 μg kg -1 and the precision values expressed in terms of relative standard deviations (RSD) were lower than 19%. The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of passion fruit seed oil samples from different species, including yellow passion fruit, sweet granadilla and sweet passion fruit. In all species of analyzed passion fruit seed oils, β-sitosterol was found with the highest abundance, ranging from 0.90 ± 0.02 to 1.60 ± 0.01 mg g -1 of oil, followed by stigmasterol (0.70 ± 0.01 to 1.40 ± 0.12 mg g -1 of oil) and campesterol (0.10 ± 0.01 to 0.30 ± 0.06 mg g -1 of oil). Furthermore, the developed method proved to be a time-saving and efficient analytical procedure for the determination of phytosterols in oil samples.Keywords: Passiflora species, campesterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol IntroductionPassiflora species are cultivated throughout the world in tropical areas.1-3 Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa (yellow passion fruit), Passiflora alata (sweet passion fruit), Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla) and Passiflora edulis Sims (purple passion fruit) are species widely cultivated for their edible fruits. [4][5][6] Yellow passion fruit is the species most known and appreciated due to its organoleptic properties, such as an intense flavor and slight acidity. The pulp is destined for in natura consumption, but is predominantly used in juice production. 2,4 Furthermore, the pulp is known to be rich in bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, phenolic compounds and vitamins A, C and D. 2,7 The large-scale production of passion fruit juice generates tons of by-products (peel and seeds) that are important raw materials in the food and cosmetic industries. 8 Recently, several studies have described that passion fruit peel is a source of fiber, predominantly pectin, which provides it with a range of potential applications as a stabilizer, emulsifier and as a thickening and gelling agent for the preparation of food products, e.g., functional beverages, mayonnaise and ice cream toppings. [8][9][10][11][12] In addition, it has been reported that passion fruit peel presents antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds. 5,13,14 Alternatively, passion fruit seeds are described as a rich source of lipids, proteins, minerals and fibers.14-16 Several studies have reported that passion fruit seeds contain about 30% oil, with linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids as the main fatty acids.14,15,17 Furthermore, as well as the peel, passion fruit seed oil has been described as a potential source of bioactive compounds, such as p...

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Sterols, Stanols, and Waxes

Kochhar

Azadmard‐Damirchi

Nasirpour‐Tabrizi

et al. 2020

Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products

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Phytosterols (plant sterols and stanols) and waxes are a part of the minor components of vegetable fats and oils. Stanols are the saturated form of plant sterols. Phytosterols (PS) are isoprenoid derivatives, which are essential compounds of biological membranes. They are structurally similar to cholesterol and control fluidity of eukaryote membranes and have role in the synthesis of hormonal sterols. PS are a major part of the unsaponifiable fraction of vegetable oils. They can be found either in free or esterified forms. PS are classified into three groups according to the presence or absence of methyl group at their C4 position, namely desmethylsterols (without methyl group), monomethylsterols (with one methyl group), and dimethylsterols (with two methyl groups). Generally, desmethylsterols comprise a high proportion of PS. PS have antioxidative properties and also can be used in vegetable oil authenticity. Consumption of PS through diet has beneficial effects on human health, such as lowering of LDL cholesterol and prevention of various types of cancers. However, PS like other lipids can be oxidized, and their oxidation products are important from the nutritional point of view. Waxes naturally occur in vegetable oils. They are present in saponifiable fraction and can be removed with dewaxing/winterization process, which is necessary in salad oils. Waxes have different edible and nonedible applications. This article reviews plant sterols, stanols and waxes structure, content in vegetable oils, changes in the effects of various processes, applications, analytical aspects, and future prospects.

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Rapid measurement of phytosterols in fortified food using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection

Cited by 40 publications

References 22 publications

Influence of acid hydrolysis, saponification and sample clean‐up on the measurement of phytosterols in dairy cattle feed using GC–MS and GC with flame ionization detection

Influence of acid hydrolysis, saponification and sample clean‐up on the measurement of phytosterols in dairy cattle feed using GC–MS and GC with flame ionization detection

Ultrasound-Assisted Saponification Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection for the Determination of Phytosterols from Passion Fruit Seed Oil

Sterols, Stanols, and Waxes

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