“…cell adhesion [64], innate immunity [3], CO 2 assimilation in metabolic pathways [30], extracellular matrix degradation [2] and membrane construction [17,44,85]) as well as the binding properties of retrocyclins [14], apotosis regulators [42], antimicrobial peptides [23], glycosphingolipids [97], barley -amylase/subtilisin inhibitor [66], amelogenin [67], lysenin [45], lectins [65], endoxylases [40], connexins [21], selectins [25], phosphoinositides [71], carbohydrates [20,70,72], HIV proteins [48,91], tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily [95] and the insulin-like growth factor system [58]. Other reviews highlight the integration of optical biosensors with complementary technologies in areas of applied research, including drug development and chemical genetics [1,50,73,83,88], plant proteomics [33], gene and protein expression [29,35,86], antibody optimization [5,46,62], food industry [4,47,54,61,79], bioprocessing and manufacturing [12,…”