Rapid Microwave‐Annealing Process of Hybrid Perovskites to Eliminate Miscellaneous Phase for High Performance Photovoltaics

Abstract

Rapid processing technologies of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer an exciting approach to raise the rate of production. Herein, a rapid microwave‐annealing process (MAP) is reported to replace the traditional hotplate annealing process (HAP) and the processing period of perovskite is reduced to less than 1 min. Benefiting from the penetrability and simultaneity of microwave irradiation, the MAP method can effectively eliminate miscellaneous phases and thus achieve >1 µm large‐size crystal grains in perovskite films. These MAP treated perovskite films exhibit pure crystalline phase, long charge‐carrier lifetime, and low defect density, which can substantially improve the PSC efficiency without requiring an additional enhancer/passivation layer. The inverted planar PSCs present enhanced power conversion efficiency from 18.33% (HAP) to 21.59% (MAP) and good stability of >1000 h lifetime without encapsulation under ambient conditions. In addition, MAP can be applied to a large‐size (10 cm × 10 cm) perovskite film fabrication as well as a broader tolerance in environmental temperature and precursor concentration, making it a reliable method for repeatably practical fabrication of perovskite photovoltaics.

Microwave‐Positioning Assembly: Structure and Surface Optimizations for Catalysts

“…Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC‐BY license. [ 104 ] Copyright 2020, The Authors. Published by Wiley.…”

“…Huang et al [ 104 ] prepared perovskite films with a pure crystal phase, low defect density, and large grain size by a microwave annealing process (Figure 11Ba). When the perovskite film was heated by the traditional hotplate annealing process (HAP), heterogeneous nucleation occurred in the perovskite polycrystals because of the uneven heating of the whole material.…”

Hole-Transporting Low-Dimensional Perovskite for Enhancing Photovoltaic Performance

“…Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses of PSCs were carried out to further characterize the charge transfer in the full devices based on HT2D/CsFAMA3D perovskites (Figure 4(d)) [41][42][43]. The Nyquist plots were obtained in the dark with an applied bias voltage of 0.5 V, and the fitted parameters are summarized in Figure 4(d).…”

Serendipitous Doping in Nickel Oxide upon Microwave‐Induced Low‐Temperature Crystallization Enhances Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells

“…[ 39–42 ] However, microwave annealing (MWA) techniques have rarely been applied to thin films, and there are few reports that demonstrate the success of MWA for halide perovskite crystallization in the form of thin films. [ 43 ]…”

“…[39][40][41][42] However, microwave annealing (MWA) techniques have rarely been applied to thin films, and there are few reports that demonstrate the success of MWA for halide perovskite crystallization in the form of thin films. [43] In this study, we developed a MWA process for the crystallization of NiO x -based thin films on glass/indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates at low temperatures with a significantly shortened processing time of only a few minutes for incorporation as a hole transport layer in triple-cation perovskite solar cells based on Cs 0.05 (MA 0.17 FA 0.83 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 ) 3 . The thin NiO x films were crystallized at different processing temperatures by conventional thermal annealing (CTA) and MWA.…”