Rapid Nucleation of Reduced Graphene Oxide-Supported Palladium Electrocatalysts for Methanol Oxidation Reaction

Abstract

<jats:p>Small sized electrocatalysts, which can be obtained by rapid nucleation and high supersaturation are imperative for outstanding methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Conventional microwave synthesis processes of electrocatalysts include ultrasonication, stirring, pH adjustment, and microwave irradiation of the precursor mixture. Ethylene glycol (EG), which serves as a reductant and solvent was added during the ultrasonication or stirring stage. However, this step and pH adjustment resulted in unintended multi-stage gradual nucleation. In this study, the microwave reduction approach was used to induce rapid nucleation and high supersaturation in order to fabricate small-sized reduced graphene oxide-supported palladium (Pd/rGO) electrocatalysts via the delayed addition of EG, elimination of the pH adjustment step, addition of sodium carbonate (Na<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>), prior microwave irradiation of the EG mixed with Na<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>, and addition of room temperature precursor mixture. Besides its role as a second reducing agent, the addition of Na<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> was primarily intended to generate an alkaline condition, which is essential for the high-performance of electrocatalysts. Moreover, the microwave irradiation of the EG and Na<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> mixture generated highly reactive free radicals that facilitate rapid nucleation. Meanwhile, the room temperature precursor mixture increased supersaturation. Results showed improved electrochemically active surface area (78.97 m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> g<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, 23.79% larger), MOR (434.49 mA mg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, 37.96% higher) and stability.</jats:p>