Rapid plant uptake of isothiazolinone biocides and formation of metabolites by hydroponic Arabidopsis

Abstract

Isothiazolinones biocides are water-soluble, low molecular weight, nitrogenous compounds widely used to prevent microbial growth in a variety of applications including personal care products and building façade materials. Because isothiazolinones...

Uptake, Metabolism, and Accumulation of Tire Wear Particle-Derived Compounds in Lettuce

“…However, the stability of TP BTZ 152 and the fact that we did not detect this next oxidation product suggest that BTZ is not further metabolized by the purine catabolic pathway. An alternative hypothesis for the rapid formation of TP BTZ 152 is oxidation of the reduced sulfur in benzothiazole, as has been shown for benzisothiazolinone . The metabolism of BTZ that we demonstrate here may have wider implications on the plants’ biochemical processes, as has been recently shown for benzisothiazolinone .…”

“…This paper joins a growing body of evidence showing that amino acid conjugation is a relevant biological transformation for xenobiotics. 12,24,25,40 Some of these novel transformation products of HMMM may be uniquely formed within plants, and we measured four transformation products of HMMM with high intensity, all of which were stable in the leaves over the duration of our experiment. BTZ was metabolized remarkably quickly in the lettuce leaves.…”

“…Cationic compounds can be retained in the roots due to interactions with negatively charged cell walls, while weak acidic compounds can be subject to ion trapping, in which they diffuse into the cell in their neutral form, and are then trapped as anions in the more alkaline cellular cytoplasm. , Compounds that are mobile within the plant tissue will passively move upward with the transpiration stream. However, the transport of organic compounds can exceed transpiration rates due to active transport by transporter proteins, as was shown, e.g., for isothiazolinone, benzotriazole, and mercaptobenzothiazole in Arabidopsis plants. − Finally, physical properties of the compounds can also affect their mobility. The diffusion of compounds >400 gmol –1 through the plant roots is mostly hindered at the Casparian Strip (the suberized center of the root endodermis), preventing them from entering the xylem and hindering them from being translocated into the plant leaves …”

Nutrient removal from stormwater in floating treatment wetlands: prediction of kinetic rates, effect of initial concentration and plant performance assessment

“…A recent study conducted using Arabidopsis for benzisothiazolinone (BIT) removal from stormwater demonstrated the phenomenon of kinetic rate reaching a peak with increase in concentration and then decreasing with further increase in initial concentration. 31 This substrate inhibition is essential for the normal functioning of plant metabolic processes. 32…”

“…This suggests that the plant uptake of nutrients is active rather than passive. 31,42 The increase in uptake rate from stage 1 to stage 4 may indicate that the plant uptake of nutrients is inducible for the studied plants. However, the increase in plant uptake rate is also associated with the increase in plant biomass.…”