Rapid Spread of Zika Virus in The Americas - Implications for Public Health Preparedness for Mass Gatherings at the 2016 Brazil Olympic Games

Petersen, Eskild; Wilson, Mary; Touch, Sok; McCloskey, Brian; Mwaba, Peter; Bates, Matthew; Dar, Osman; Mattes, Frank; Kidd, Mike; Ippolito, Giuseppe; Azhar, Esam I.; Zumla, Alimuddin

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.001

Cited by 330 publications

(287 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…Other viable Flavivirus viruses in the blood bags have also been reported (46) (47) (48) . Simultaneous circulation of two or more arboviruses (43) in many countries highlights the necessity for proper screening of blood samples for these viruses.…”

Section: Zika Virus: Old and Newly Identified Transmission Modesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Zika virus: what do we know about the viral structure, mechanisms of transmission, and neurological outcomes?

Silva

Souza

2016

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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The Zika virus epidemic that started in Brazil in 2014 has spread to >30 countries and territories in Latin America, leading to a rapid rise in the incidence of microcephalic newborns and adults with neurological complications. At the beginning of the outbreak, little was known about Zika virus morphology, genome structure, modes of transmission, and its potential to cause neurological malformations and disorders. With the advancement of basic science, discoveries of the mechanisms of strain variability, viral transfer to the fetus, and neurovirulence were published. These will certainly lead to the development of strategies to block vertical viral transmission, neuronal invasion, and pathogenesis in the near future. This paper reviews the current literature on Zika virus infections, with the aim of gaining a holistic insight into their etiology and pathogenesis. We discuss Zika virus history and epidemiology in Brazil, viral structure and taxonomy, old and newly identified transmission modes, and neurological consequences of infection.

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Section: Zika Virus: Old and Newly Identified Transmission Modesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Zika virus: what do we know about the viral structure, mechanisms of transmission, and neurological outcomes?

Silva

Souza

2016

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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“…Yap, 2007;French Polynesia, 2013), as well as from the Americas (Brazil and Colombia, 2015) and Africa (Cape Verde, 2015). Moreover, 13 countries more in the Americas have registered sporadic Zika virus infections, highlighting the rapid geographic expansion of this arbovirus (WHO 2016;Petersen et al 2015).…”

Section: The Rise Of Dengue Zika Virus and Other Arbovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Declining malaria, rising of dengue and Zika virus: insights for mosquito vector control

2016

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The fight against mosquito-borne diseases is a challenge of huge public health importance. To our mind, 2015 was an extraordinary year for malaria control, due to three hot news: the Nobel Prize to Youyou Tu for the discovery of artemisinin, the development of the first vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria [i.e. RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S)], and the fall of malaria infection rates worldwide, with special reference to sub-Saharan Africa. However, there are major challenges that still deserve attention, in order to boost malaria prevention and control. Indeed, parasite strains resistant to artemisinin have been detected, and RTS,S vaccine does not offer protection against Plasmodium vivax malaria, which predominates in many countries outside of Africa. Furthermore, the recent outbreaks of Zika virus infections, occurring in South America, Central America and the Caribbean, represent the most recent of four arrivals of important arboviruses in the Western Hemisphere, over the last 20 years. Zika virus follows dengue (which slyly arrived in the hemisphere over decades and became more aggressive in the 1990s), West Nile virus (emerged in 1999) and chikungunya (emerged in 2013). Notably, there are no specific treatments for these arboviruses. The emerging scenario highlights that the effective and ecofriendly control of mosquito vectors, with special reference to highly invasive species such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, is crucial. The concrete potential of screening plant species as sources of metabolites for parasitological purposes is worthy of attention, as elucidated by the Y. Tu's example. Notably, plant-borne molecules are often effective at few parts per million against Aedes, Ochlerotatus, Anopheles and Culex young instars, can be used for the rapid synthesis of mosquitocidal nanoformulations and even employed to prepare cheap repellents with low human toxicity. In addition, behaviour-based control tools relying to the employ of sound traps and the manipulation of swarming behaviour (i.e. Blure and kill^approach) are discussed. The importance of further research on the chemical cues routing mosquito swarming and mating dynamics is highlighted. Besides radiation, transgenic and symbiont-based mosquito control approaches, an effective option may be the employ of biological control agents of mosquito young instars, in the presence of ultra-low quantities of nanoformulated botanicals, which boost their predation rates.

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“…Transmission of ZIKV to humans takes place through the bite of an infected female mosquito of the Aedes species (Petersen et al 2016). ZIKV has been isolated from semen, confirming evidence that other nonvector means of transmission exist (however, further studies are needed to determine how long the virus can remain alive in semen).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Sex, Mosquitoes and Epidemics: An Evaluation of Zika Disease Dynamics

Baca-Carrasco¹,

Hernández

2016

Bull Math Biol

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Since the first major outbreak reported on the island Yap in 2007, the Zika virus spread has alerted the scientific community worldwide. Zika is an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes; particularly in Central and South America, the main vector is the same mosquito that transmits dengue and chikungunya, Aedes aegypti. Seeking to understand the dynamics of spread of the Zika, in this paper, three mathematical models are presented, in which vector transmission of the virus, sexual contact transmission and migration are considered. Numerical analysis of these models allows us to have a clear view of the effects of sexual transmission and migration in the spread of the virus, showing that sexual transmission influences the magnitude of the outbreaks and migration generates outbreaks over time, each of lower intensity than the previous.

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Rapid Spread of Zika Virus in The Americas - Implications for Public Health Preparedness for Mass Gatherings at the 2016 Brazil Olympic Games

Cited by 330 publications

References 45 publications

Zika virus: what do we know about the viral structure, mechanisms of transmission, and neurological outcomes?

Zika virus: what do we know about the viral structure, mechanisms of transmission, and neurological outcomes?

Declining malaria, rising of dengue and Zika virus: insights for mosquito vector control

Sex, Mosquitoes and Epidemics: An Evaluation of Zika Disease Dynamics

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