Rapid symptom relief in rhinitis

Abstract

Asthma is characterized by reversible airway narrowing, by airway hyperresponsiveness, and by airway inflammation. Inhaled allergens are the most important of the stimuli known to cause asthma. Methods for studying inhaled allergen in the laboratory have been well standardized and extensively used for the investigation of the pathophysiology and the pharmacological modulation of allergen-induced airway responses. Allergen inhalation by a sensitized subject results in an early asthmatic response, and, in the majority of subjects, a late asthmatic response and airway hyperresponsiveness. The late response and airway hyperresponsiveness are associated with increases in airway eosinophils and metachromatic cells. Allergen-induced airway inflammation in dogs (predominantly neutrophilic) is associated with increased granulocyte-macrophage progenitors in bone marrow, which is dependent on the effects of a circulating serum factor stimulating the bone marrow. The newly formed cells traffic to the airways. These increases in granulocyte-macrophage progenitors are blocked by inhaled corticosteroids. In human subjects, allergen-induced eosinophilic inflammation is associated with increases in Eo/B progenitors, mediated through up-regulation if the IL-5 receptor on progenitors and increases responsiveness to IL-5. Inhaled corticosteroids also attenuate all allergen-induced physiological responses and airway inflammation, an effect possibly mediated, in part, through inhibition of eosinophil and basophil maturation or release from the bone marrow.

Crystal structure of 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanaminium chloride

“…For the biological and pharmacological applications of histamine derivatives, see: Barnes et al (2001); Schwartz et al (1991); Bachert et al (1998); Emanuel et al (1999); Apá ti et al (2012). For a study of a histamine copper(II) chloride complex, see: Belfilali et al (2015).…”

Natural and synthetic substances related to human health (IUPAC Technical Report)

“…Since the first clinically useful antihistamines were introduced in the 1940s [35], over 40 first-generation H1 receptor antagonists have been marketed [36]. Adverse CNS effects and poor receptor specificity resulting in marked sedation and anticholinergic effects, have led to the development of second-generation H1 receptor antagonists largely devoid of these adverse effects.…”

Gas-phase lithium cation basicity of histamine and its agonist 2-(β-aminoethyl)-pyridine

“…Being a chemical mediator, it acts on the central nervous system and in the regulation of sleep [1]. It causes contraction of the smooth muscle of the gut, intestine and bronchi [2,3]. It also influences blood pressure, heart stimulation, vasodilation, gastric juice secretion, immunological reactions, etc.…”