Rapid Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification Microextraction Combined with COU-2 Dispersive Micro-solid Phase Extraction for the Determination of Azole Antifungals in Milk Samples by HPLC-DAD

Chiral Nano-Liquid Chromatography and Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Applied to the Analysis of Antifungal Drugs in Milk

“…For instance, by using GC–FID combined with three-phase HF-LPME, miconazole showed an LOD of 4–6 ng mL −1 and a recovery of 103.2–109.6. Combining USAE-D-µ-SPE based on a mesoporous carbon sorbent with HPLC-DAD analysis resulted in ketoconazole and miconazole recoveries of 83.3–111.1% and LODs in the range of 0.15–3.0 ng mL −1 [ 8 ]. However, although the HF-LPME method produced high sensitivity and extraction efficiency, it required a longer extraction time of up to 40 min.…”

“…Over the last decade, several chromatographic methods have been used for the chiral and achiral separation of azole antifungal drugs, including gas chromatography (GC) [ 4 , 5 ], supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) [ 6 ], liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection (LC–UV) [ 7 , 8 ], and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Besides HPLC, the chiral separation of antifungal drugs has also been realized via miniaturized techniques such as nano-LC and capillary-LC (CLC) by using monolithic columns with an internal diameter (ID) of 100–150 µm; the monoliths were manufactured by in situ copolymerization using different chiral selectors: β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) [ 14 , 15 ], macrocyclic antibiotics, namely colistin sulfate [ 16 ], amylose 2,3 (3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-6-ethylphenylcarbamate [ 17 ], and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) [ 18 ].…”

Trace determination of antifungal drugs in biological fluids through a developed approach of hydrogel‐based spin‐column micro‐solid‐phase extraction followed by LC‐MS/MS analysis

“…Antifungal medications are widely consumed to treat infectious diseases, including oral thrush, dermatophyte Article Related Abbreviations: BET, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller; BJH, Barrett-Joiner-Halenda; FE-SEM, field emission scanning electron microscopy; SC-μSPE, spin-column micro solid phase extraction; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; TGA, thermogravimetric analysis; XRD, X-ray diffraction infections, severe mucocutaneous candidiasis, vaginal yeast infections, polycystic ovary syndrome, and female hirsutism [1,2]. Among the several antifungal agents, imidazole derivatives exhibit great activity against phytopathogenic fungi [3]. They act by inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis that is the significant sterol of the fungi wall [4,5].…”

“…They act by inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis that is the significant sterol of the fungi wall [4,5]. Considering the therapeutic effect of these drugs, their abuse is associated with allergic reactions such as inflammation, gastrointestinal diseases, itchy sensation, blistering, hives, burning at the applied area, chronic hepatotoxicity, and cardiac arrhythmias [2,3]. Therefore, determining the trace concentrations of antifungal drugs in biological samples is indispensable, usually associated with some challenges such as interference problems [6].…”