Rapidly induced ethylene formation after wounding is controlled by the regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthesis

Konze, Jörg R.; Kwiatkowski, Gertrud M. K.

doi:10.1007/bf00393286

Cited by 69 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…4) after its initial wound ethylene response (22) seems to reflect closely the concentration of ACC when the different nutrient treatments are compared (Fig. 5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Decreased Ethylene Biosynthesis, and Induction of Aerenchyma, by Nitrogen- or Phosphate-Starvation in Adventitious Roots of Zea mays L.

Drew¹,

He²,

Morgan³

1989

Plant Physiol.

162

129

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Plants of Zea mays L. cv TX5855 were grown in a complete, well oxygenated nutrient solution then subjected to nutrient starvation by omitting either nitrate and ammonium or phosphate from the solution. These treatments induced the formation of aerenchyma close to the apex of the adventitious roots that subsequently emerged from the base of the shoot, a response similar to that shown earlier to be induced by hypoxia. Compared with control plants supplied with all nutrients throughout, N-or Pstarvation consistently depressed the rates of ethylene release by excised, 25 mm apical segments of adventitious roots. Some enzymes and substrates of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway were examined. The content of 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) paralleled the differences in ethylene production rates, being depressed by N or P deficiency, while malonyl-ACC showed a similar trend. Activity of ACC synthase and of ethylene forming enzyme (g-1 fresh weight) was also greater in control roots than in nutrient starved ones. These results indicate that much of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway is slowed under conditions of N-or P-starvation. Thus, by contrast to the effects of hypoxia, the induction of aerenchyma in roots of Zea mays by nutrient starvation is not related to an enhanced biosynthesis and/or accumulation of ethylene in the root tips.Many dryland species are exposed to temporary periods of oxygen deficiency during their growth following heavy rain, irrigation, or flooding, when the soil becomes water saturated (10,17). Some species respond to this situation by forming roots with continuous, gas-filled channels in the roots (19). These channels improve the internal supply of oxygen, the oxygen originating from the atmosphere or photosynthesis and passing from leaves to roots down a concentration gradient (1). The flooding resistance of a wide range of monocot and dicotyledonous species, both herbaceous and woody, is often associated, in part, with the capacity to develop such aerenchymatous roots (8,9,16,17,19,23 The gaseous plant hormone, ethylene, is associated with a wide variety of responses in higher plant cells (3). In earlier reports we showed that aerenchyma formation in adventitious (nodal) roots of maize by cell lysis is induced by a partial oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) and is closely related to enhanced endogenous concentrations of ethylene (1 1). Hypoxia clearly stimulates the biosynthesis of ethylene in growing maize roots (2,11,12,20) as in other responsive plant tissues (4, 5, 7). Low exogenous concentrations of ethylene under aerobic conditions (1-5 uL L-' in air) induce aerenchyma (18) that is structurally indistinguishable from that induced by hypoxia (1 1, 12); furthermore, hypoxically induced aerenchyma formation in the apices of growing roots is blocked by inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis or ethylene action (12,18,20).However, Konings and Verschuren (21) showed that formation of aerenchyma in the seminal roots of maize was stimulated under fully aerobic conditions by omission o...

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“…4) after its initial wound ethylene response (22) seems to reflect closely the concentration of ACC when the different nutrient treatments are compared (Fig. 5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Decreased Ethylene Biosynthesis, and Induction of Aerenchyma, by Nitrogen- or Phosphate-Starvation in Adventitious Roots of Zea mays L.

Drew¹,

He²,

Morgan³

1989

Plant Physiol.

162

129

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“…Because the ethylene production rate increased or decreased in <1 h after application or removal of pressure, it seemed plausible that ethylene synthesis may not be regulated exclusively by ACC' synthase activity (2, 3,12,20). Specifically, because impedance may result in physical disruption of the cell interface in the surface and internal tissues, including cell walls and cell membranes, it seemed possible that EFE activity might be altered by the stress.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…ACC accumulates concomitantly with a rapid burst in ethylene production in the early stages of plant response to stress (12,20). These changes are effectively inhibited by aminoethoxyvinylglycine (17,20), a potent inhibitor of ACC synthase, and by cycloheximide (20), a protein synthesis inhibitor.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These changes are effectively inhibited by aminoethoxyvinylglycine (17,20), a potent inhibitor of ACC synthase, and by cycloheximide (20), a protein synthesis inhibitor. For these reasons, conversion of S-adenosylmethionine to ACC is thought to be the rate-limiting step of ethylene biosynthesis in plants, although the requirement for de novo protein synthesis for the induction of ACC synthase activity under stress has been questioned (2,12,20).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, conversion of exogenous MACC into ACC and ethylene has been demonstrated in plant tissue, although only in a nonstress system (9). EFE is thought to be constitutive and not to play an important role in the regulation of ethylene synthesis under stress (2,3,12,20). However, evidence concerning the effect of stress on EFE activity is scant.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Metabolism of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid in Etiolated Maize Seedlings Grown under Mechanical Impedance

Sarquís¹,

Morgan²,

Jordan³

1992

Plant Physiol.

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We investigated the metabolism of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in etiolated maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings subjected to mechanical impedance by applying pressure to the growing medium. Total concentrations of ACC varied little in unimpeded seedlings, but impeded organs accumulated ACC. Roots had consistently higher concentrations of ACC than shoots or seeds, regardless of treatment. The concentration of ACC in the roots increased more than 100% during the first hour of treatment irrespective of the pressure applied; in shoots, total ACC concentration increased 46% at either low or high pressure during the first hour of treatment. The bulk of ACC synthesized under impeded and unimpeded conditions was present in a conjugated form, presumably, 1-(malonylamino)-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. However, 1-(malonylamino)-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid increased 73% over controls after 10 hours at 25 kilopascals of pressure. Unimpeded tissue had about 77% ACC as the conjugate and 17% as free ACC, and less than 6% was used in ethylene production. Increased amounts of ACC were converted into ethylene under stress. In vivo ACC synthase activity in roots became six and seven times higher only 1 hour after initiation of treatment at 25 and 100 kilopascals of pressure, respectively, and remained high for at least 6 hours. However, the immediate and massive conjugation of mechanically induced ACC suggests that ACC N-malonyltransferase may play an important role in the regulation of mechanically induced ethylene production. After 8 hours, in vivo activity of the ethylene-forming enzyme complex increased 100 and 50% above normal level at 100 and 25 kilopascals, respectively. Furthermore, ethylene-forming enzyme complex activity was significantly greater at 100 kilopascals than in controls as early as 1 hour after treatment initiation. These data suggest that regulation of ethylene production under mechanical impedance involves the concerted action of ACC synthase, the ethylene-forming enzyme complex, and ACC N-malonyltransferase.Recently, we reexamined the effect of physical impedance on growth and ethylene production of etiolated, maize primary shoots and roots (17). Pressure-simulated impedance caused an inhibition of axial growth and a stimulation of radial expansion of both roots and shoots. We confirmed a strong correlation between mechanical impedance and increased ethylene production; furthermore, we showed that the increase in ethylene production preceded measurable morphological changes by at least 1 h. Effects of mechanical impedance were reproduced by fumigation with ethylene at

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The Molecular Basis of Ethylene Biosynthesis, Mode of Action, and Effects in Higher Plants

Straeten

Montagu

1991

Subcellular Biochemistry

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Rapidly induced ethylene formation after wounding is controlled by the regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthesis

Cited by 69 publications

References 14 publications

Decreased Ethylene Biosynthesis, and Induction of Aerenchyma, by Nitrogen- or Phosphate-Starvation in Adventitious Roots of Zea mays L.

Decreased Ethylene Biosynthesis, and Induction of Aerenchyma, by Nitrogen- or Phosphate-Starvation in Adventitious Roots of Zea mays L.

Metabolism of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid in Etiolated Maize Seedlings Grown under Mechanical Impedance

The Molecular Basis of Ethylene Biosynthesis, Mode of Action, and Effects in Higher Plants

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