Rare case of red tears: ocular vicarious menstruation

Ghosh, Soumitra; Tale, Sudheer; Handa, Neha; Bhalla, Ashish

doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-237294

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…A total of 66 results were found, and after duplication removal and identification, only 53 articles which accounted for 60 cases were included. All the articles can be found in Table 1 [3-54]. From the retrieved articles, 20 presented only hematohidrosis while 31 presented hemolacria and 9 cases presented both manifestations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hematohidrosis, Hemolacria, and “Trichorrhage”: A Systematic Review

Carrión-Álvarez

Castro

Salas-Garza

et al. 2022

Skin Appendage Disord

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Introduction: Hematohidrosis and hemolacria are 2 conditions surrounded in religiousness, mysticism, and supernatural superstitions. While the mechanism is still unclear, these cases have amazed physicians for centuries. Methods: We performed a systematic review in PubMed from 2000 to mid-2021 accounting for 75 studies from which we included 60 cases in 53 articles which were described. Results: The median age of apparition was 24 years with the youngest case being 12 and the oldest 81. Some of the diseases were secondary to other causes such as hemangiomas and other neoplasias or epistaxis episodes. Most of the cases have been reported in India and the USA; most of them correspond to hemolacria alone (51.6%). Discussion: We have stated the basics of the substances involved in the coagulation process that have been described as genetically altered in some patients such as mucins, metalloproteinases, and fibrinogen, as well as propose a mechanism that can explain the signs of this particular entity and approach to its treatment as well as provide the first trichoscopy image of a patient with hemolacria.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hematohidrosis, Hemolacria, and “Trichorrhage”: A Systematic Review

Carrión-Álvarez

Castro

Salas-Garza

et al. 2022

Skin Appendage Disord

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“…22 The pathology of vicarious menstruation could be due to increased permeability and congestion resulting from cyclical hormonal changes even in the absence of endometrial tissue at extrauterine sites including cyclical variation of conjuctival epithelium or nervous system instability. 23 Although cyclical bleeding from nasolacrimal endometriosis is associated with haemolacria, other forms of extragenital endometriosis may occur non-cyclically. Occult haemolacria in females during fertile period seems to indicate involvement sex steroid hormones and appears to be the harbinger of vicarious menstruation if the degree of underlying cause for the same attains a threshold level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oestrogen-progesterone oral contraceptive pills; no recurrence in 3 months. 23 Chandigar h a a India, NA -Not available…”

Section: Ocular Vicarious Menstruationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intriguing haemorrhages: a review of last seven decades (1951-2021)

Saha

2021

Int J Res Med Sci

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Bleeding as a cause of underlying psychological or psychiatric disorder is hardly ever thought of mainly due to unawareness and rarity. An overview will help to understand the real problem. A detailed literature survey of different types of bleeding from various parts of the body for which the reasons could not be diagnosed easily was made over last seven decades (1951-2021). These have been presented mainly in tabular form and also, in the text as briefly as possible to have a comprehensive overview only. The contents portray the nature, triggers and spectrum of settings in which haemorrhages occurred including the explanations which were available from the articles. In addition, some of my personal conjectures as possible causes have also been included. Unexplained bleeding might be psychological or psychiatric in origin. Awareness about this will enable to diagnose the case at the earliest and accordingly, the management can be started. Different types of such haemorrhage including particularly those due to idiopathic causes are potential areas of research.

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“…В источниках XVI в. имеется описание монахини, у которой вместо менструации ежемесячно наблюдались глазные и ушные кровотечения [5]. В ряде публикаций упоминаются случаи глазной викарной менструации с рецидивирующими субконъюнктивальными и/или орбитальными кровоизлияниями, совпадающими с менструальным циклом [6][7][8][9]. Описано циклическое кровотечение из нижней слезной точки у 13-летней девочки, причиной которого послужил носослезный эндометриоз [10].…”

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“…Большинство авторов основной целью лечения викарной менструации считают подавление овуляции, в частности они отмечают эффективность лечения глазного эндометриоза препаратами, содержащими эстрогены и прогестерон. Кроме того, показана эффективность резекции аберрантной ткани эндометрия при викарных менструациях [7][8][9].…”

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The prognostic value of the cytological composition of the tear in the diagnosis of endometriosis

Huseva

Zharikova

Vasilevskaya³

2022

Rossijskij oftalʹmologičeskij žurnal

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Purpose. To investigate the cell composition of the tear in healthy women and endometriosis patients in order to find the potential diagnostic criteria of endometriosis. Material and methods. Tear samples obtained from the lower fornix of the conjunctiva using a glass capillary tube were microscopically examined in 100 females aged 18 to 48: 60 healthy women, who made up the control group, and 40 patients with endometriosis. Results. The share of women with endometriosis who were found to have erythrocytes was 32.5 %, which was significantly higher as compared with the control group, where it was 25.0%. 69.2 % of women with endometriosis showed haemolacria in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, which significantly exceeded the percentage of women with erythrocytes in the tear (30.8 %) who had them in the luteal phase. Epitheliocytes were found in the tear of 97.5 % of patients with endometriosis, versus 75.0 % of healthy women. In all 100 % of such patients, these cells were found in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, compared with 74.3 % of healthy women who showed these cells in the same phase of the cycle. The share of women with endometriosis showing the ++ quantity of epitheliocytes in the tear was 56.4 %, which was significantly higher than the 20 % of the control group subject with the same level of epitheliocytes. It is to be noted that group accumulations of epitheliocytes were found in 15 % of endometriotic patients, which was significantly higher than in healthy women, of whom only 8.3 % had such accumulations. 90 % of endometriosis group cases revealed glandular cuboidal epithelial cells in the tear, which morphologically resembling endometrial cells. Conclusion. The revealed properties of the cytological composition of the tear of patients with endometriosis reflected particular links in its etiopathogenesis, which suggests that the study of tear parameters can help predict the incidence of the "endometrioid disease" and develop pathogenetically oriented treatment methods.

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Rare case of red tears: ocular vicarious menstruation

Cited by 9 publications

References 20 publications

Hematohidrosis, Hemolacria, and “Trichorrhage”: A Systematic Review

Hematohidrosis, Hemolacria, and “Trichorrhage”: A Systematic Review

Intriguing haemorrhages: a review of last seven decades (1951-2021)

The prognostic value of the cytological composition of the tear in the diagnosis of endometriosis

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