Rare Earth Doped Confined Structures for Lasers and Amplifiers

Jacquier, B.; Bigot, Laurent; Guy, S.; Jurdyc, Anne-Marie

doi:10.1007/3-540-28209-2_8

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…The advantages of using IODs compared with a long doped fibre are the lower cost and the decrease of interactions between RE ions. Jacquier et al 213 has reviewed the main properties of RE doped fibres and IODs.…”

Section: Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocrystallisation in oxyfluoride systems: mechanisms of crystallisation and photonic properties

Pablos-Martín

Durán

Pascual

2012

International Materials Reviews

153

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Rare earth (RE) doped oxyfluoride glass ceramics possess interesting optical properties with applications in telecommunications and optoelectronics, such as solid state lasers, optical amplifiers, etc. These materials combine the transparency and mechanical and chemical resistance of aluminosilicate glasses with the low phonon energy and facile incorporation of RE ions in the fluoride crystals. The incorporation of RE ions in the crystalline phases enhances the laser emission intensity, a major property of these materials. Transparency is achieved when crystal size is in the nanometric scale, usually below 40 nm, which avoids light scattering. A strict control of the nucleation and crystal growth processes is therefore necessary which requires a deep knowledge of the crystallisation mechanisms. The great activity and publications in this field in the last decades merit a review providing a comparative study of the different nanoglass ceramic systems, their structural and optical characterisation and their main properties and applications. This is the objective of this review paper which includes 232 references. A general discussion on glass nucleation and crystallisation theories and more relevant crystallisation parameters and characterisation techniques are put forward in the first section of the review, focused on nanocrystallisation processes in oxyfluoride systems. In the second section, the principal RE doped glass ceramics are presented. After a general introduction about the luminescence processes, including up-and down-conversion, the behaviour of RE elements in glasses and crystals are discussed. Glass ceramic compositions have been divided as follows: glass ceramics with a glass composition following Wang and Ohwaki's oxyfluoride glass ceramic, 1 ; and glass ceramics with different matrix compositions, arranged by crystalline phases. Relevant properties, mainly optical and laser, are described in each system along with the most relevant applications of these materials.

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Section: Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocrystallisation in oxyfluoride systems: mechanisms of crystallisation and photonic properties

Pablos-Martín

Durán

Pascual

2012

International Materials Reviews

153

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“…The use of guided-wave structures, in which the light is optically confined inside a thin layer with low propagation losses, moreover offers several advantages in terms of high pump power density or small size for the related device and strongly contributes to the development of integrated optics and optical communication systems [2][3][4][5]. Nevertheless, the short length (few centimeters) of an integrated optical amplifier generally imposes high RE ions concentrations that produce fluorescence quenching due to ion clustering or ion-to-ion interaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare – Earth – Doped Silicate Glass – Ceramic Thin Films for Integrated Optical Devices

Berneschi¹,

Alombert-Goget²,

Armellini

et al. 2010

12th INTERNATIONAL CERAMICS CONGRESS PART J

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The possibility to confine the light in optical planar structures represented the milestone for the development of integrated optical devices in different application areas, such as communications and sensing. In particular, rare-earth (RE) doped planar waveguides demonstrated to be an interesting solution in the realization of integrated optical lasers and amplifiers suitable for the generation/regeneration of the signal in metropolitan and local area networks. Nowadays, although these devices are commercially available, the major contribution of the research consists in discovering and developing better combinations of materials and fabrication processes, in order to reduce the costs and increase the performance of the aforesaid devices. In this context glass-ceramic waveguides, activated by RE ions, seem to fully respond to these requests. The aim of this paper is to offer a comprehensive review on the main results obtained in our Labs in the field of glassceramics. Fabrication and characterization of different silicate glass-ceramic thin films, doped with different percentages of RE ions, will be presented and discussed. The interesting results obtained make these systems quite promising for development of high performance integrated optical amplifiers and lasers.

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“…There are also implications for the magnetism, which are discussed below 24. The energies of these states are known from spectroscopy[63,64] …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare-earth nitride solid solutions

Miller¹

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Improvements to computing efficiency are required to offset the energy costs of increasing demand on cloud computing data centres (the cost of which is currently borne by fossil fuel energy production, and thus, the environment) [4]. The 20th-century technologies that currently support our heavy use of computers are unable to keep providing efficiency improvements due to the fundamental limits associated with the physics that they rely on to operate, meaning that new physical mechanisms are required [5–8]. Improvements to computing efficiency are offered by superconducting computing, but the implementation of this technology requires cryogenically-viable memory, which is not currently available [9, 10]. The research field of spintronics promises devices with plausible improvements over current memory technologies, but these devices require materials in which complex properties can be controlled [11, 12]. The rare-earth nitrides are a series of intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconductors, that have been included in device architectures with some success [13–15]. Their combination in a solid solution offers control over the magnetic and electrical properties of a homogenous single-layer thin film, allowing the fine-tuning of the properties to meet the requirements of application. Understanding the material properties of rare-earth nitride solid solutions is the central topic of this thesis. This thesis documents research into the properties of Gdx Sm1−x N, a solid solution of the rare-earth nitrides GdN and SmN. We present magnetometry, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), and Hall effect measurements on a series of GdxSm1−xN films. Magnetometry results show a linear dependence of the saturation magnetisation on the Gd fraction of the films, x, over much of the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Further results show that GdxSm1−xN films with a low Gd fraction (x ≤ 0.3) exhibit perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Films for which x ≤ 0.2 show a deviation from the linear dependence of the saturation magnetisation on x, and extremely low magnetic moments. This low moment results, in part, from the opposition of the net moment of the Gd3+ and Sm3+ ions. The opposition of the net moment comes from the orbital-dominant magnetism of the Sm3+ ion and the alignment of the Gd3+ and Sm3+ spins by the exchange interaction (which is confirmed by XMCD). This combination of the orbital-dominant magnetism of the Sm3+ ion and the alignment of the Gd3+ and Sm3+ spins by the exchange interaction also causes there to be compositions of GdxSm1−xN for which the net magnetic moment or the net angular momentum of the solution is zero. These “compensation points” are familiar from other classes of material generally held to be promising for similar applications [16, 17]. Measurements of XMCD show an increasing spin polarisation of Sm3+ as a function of x, changing where one expects to find the angular momentum compensation point xa. The value of xa is estimated with reference to the XMCD measurements to be xa = 0.245. Furthermore, measurements of the anomalous Hall effect are used to locate the compensation point of the net magnetic moment, xc , which is found to be xc = 0.05.

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Rare Earth Doped Confined Structures for Lasers and Amplifiers

Cited by 10 publications

References 79 publications

Nanocrystallisation in oxyfluoride systems: mechanisms of crystallisation and photonic properties

Nanocrystallisation in oxyfluoride systems: mechanisms of crystallisation and photonic properties

Rare – Earth – Doped Silicate Glass – Ceramic Thin Films for Integrated Optical Devices

Rare-earth nitride solid solutions

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